The MiniBooNE experiment at Fermilab reports results from an analysis of ν_{e} appearance data from 12.84×10^{20} protons on target in neutrino mode, an increase of approximately a factor of 2 over ...previously reported results. A ν_{e} charged-current quasielastic event excess of 381.2±85.2 events (4.5σ) is observed in the energy range 200<E_{ν}^{QE}<1250 MeV. Combining these data with the νover ¯_{e} appearance data from 11.27×10^{20} protons on target in antineutrino mode, a total ν_{e} plus νover ¯_{e} charged-current quasielastic event excess of 460.5±99.0 events (4.7σ) is observed. If interpreted in a two-neutrino oscillation model, ν_{μ}→ν_{e}, the best oscillation fit to the excess has a probability of 21.1%, while the background-only fit has a χ^{2} probability of 6×10^{-7} relative to the best fit. The MiniBooNE data are consistent in energy and magnitude with the excess of events reported by the Liquid Scintillator Neutrino Detector (LSND), and the significance of the combined LSND and MiniBooNE excesses is 6.0σ. A two-neutrino oscillation interpretation of the data would require at least four neutrino types and indicate physics beyond the three neutrino paradigm. Although the data are fit with a two-neutrino oscillation model, other models may provide better fits to the data.
We present the discovery by the WASP-South survey of WASP-121 b, a new remarkable short-period transiting hot Jupiter. The planet has a mass of
$1.183_{-0.062}^{+0.064}$
M
Jup, a radius of 1.865 ± ...0.044 R
Jup, and transits every
$1.274\,9255_{-0.000\,0025}^{+0.000\,0020}$
days an active F6-type main-sequence star (V = 10.4,
$1.353_{-0.079}^{+0.080}$
M⊙, 1.458 ± 0.030 R⊙, T
eff = 6460 ± 140 K). A notable property of WASP-121 b is that its orbital semimajor axis is only ∼1.15 times larger than its Roche limit, which suggests that the planet is close to tidal disruption. Furthermore, its large size and extreme irradiation (∼7.1 109 erg s−1 cm−2) make it an excellent target for atmospheric studies via secondary eclipse observations. Using the TRAnsiting Planets and PlanetesImals Small Telescope, we indeed detect its emission in the z
′-band at better than ∼4σ, the measured occultation depth being 603 ± 130 ppm. Finally, from a measurement of the Rossiter–McLaughlin effect with the CORALIE spectrograph, we infer a sky-projected spin-orbit angle of
$257{^{\circ}_{.}} 8_{-5{^{\circ}_{.}} 5}^{+5{^{\circ}_{.}} 3}$
. This result may suggest a significant misalignment between the spin axis of the host star and the orbital plane of the planet. If confirmed, this high misalignment would favour a migration of the planet involving strong dynamical events with a third body.
Schistosomiasis is a major Neglected Tropical Disease, caused by the infection with blood flukes in the genus Schistosoma. To complete the life cycle, the parasite undergoes asexual and sexual ...reproduction within an intermediate snail host and a definitive mammalian host, respectively. The intra-molluscan phase provides a critical amplification step that ensures a successful transmission. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the development of the intra-molluscan stages remain poorly understood. Here, single cell suspensions from S. mansoni mother sporocysts were produced and sequenced using the droplet-based 10X Genomics Chromium platform. Six cell clusters comprising two tegument, muscle, neuron, parenchyma and stem/germinal cell clusters were identified and validated by in situ hybridisation. Gene Ontology term analysis predicted key biological processes for each of the clusters, including three stem/germinal sub-clusters. Furthermore, putative transcription factors predicted for stem/germinal and tegument clusters may play key roles during parasite development and interaction with the intermediate host.
The MiniBooNE experiment at Fermilab reports a total excess of 638.0 ± 52.1 (stat .) ± 122.2 (syst.) electronlike events from a data sample corresponding to 18.75 × 10 20 protons-on-target in ...neutrino mode, which is a 46% increase in the data sample with respect to previously published results and 11.27 × 10 20 protons-on-target in antineutrino mode. The overall significance of the excess, 4.8σ, is limited by systematic uncertainties, assumed to be Gaussian, as the statistical significance of the excess is 12.2σ. The additional statistics allow several studies to address questions on the source of the excess. First, we provide two-dimensional plots in visible energy and the cosine of the angle of the outgoing lepton, which can provide valuable input to models for the event excess. Second, we test whether the excess may arise from photons that enter the detector from external events or photons exiting the detector from π 0 decays in two model independent ways. Beam timing information shows that almost all of the excess is in time with neutrinos that interact in the detector. The radius distribution shows that the excess is distributed throughout the volume, while tighter cuts on the fiducial volume increase the significance of the excess. The data likelihood ratio disfavors models that explain the event excess due to entering or exiting photons.
Bronchial wall area percent (WA% = 100 × wall area/total bronchial cross sectional area) is a standard computed tomographic (CT) measure of central airway morphology utilized in smokers with chronic ...obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Although it provides significant clinical correlations, the range of reported WA% is narrow. This suggests limited macroscopic change in response to smoking or that remodeling proportionally affects the airway wall and lumen dimensions such that their ratio is preserved. The objective of this study is to assess central airway wall area (WA), lumen area (Ai), and total bronchial area (Ao) from CT scans of 5,179 smokers and 92 never smoking normal subjects. In smokers, WA, Ai, and Ao were positively correlated with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) expressed as a percent of predicted (FEV1%), and the WA% was negatively correlated with FEV1% (P < 0.0001 for all comparisons). Importantly, smokers with lower FEV1% tended to have airways of smaller cross-sectional area with lower WA. The increases in the WA% across GOLD stages of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can therefore not be due to increases in WA. The data suggest two possible origins for the WA% increases: 1) central airway remodeling resulting in overall reductions in airway caliber in excess of the decreased WA or 2) those with COPD had smaller native airways before they began smoking. In both cases, these observations provide an explanation for the limited range of values of WA% across stages of COPD.
The pattern of atrial fibrillation (AF) occurrence-paroxysmal, persistent, or permanent-is associated with progressive stages of atrial dysfunction and structural changes and may therefore be ...associated with progressively higher stroke risk. However, previous studies have not consistently shown AF pattern to predict stroke but have been hampered by methodological shortcomings of low power, variable event ascertainment, and variable anticoagulant use.
We analysed the rates of stroke and systemic embolism in 6563 aspirin-treated patients with AF from the ACTIVE-A/AVERROES databases. There was thorough searching for events and adjudication. Multivariable analyses were performed with the adjustment for known risk factors for stroke. Mean age of patients with paroxysmal, persistent, and permanent AF was 69.0 ± 9.9, 68.6 ± 10.2, and 71.9 ± 9.8 years (P < 0.001). The CHA2DS2-VASc score was similar in patients with paroxysmal and persistent AF (3.1 ± 1.4), but was higher in patients with permanent AF (3.6 ± 1.5, P < 0.001). Yearly ischaemic stroke rates were 2.1, 3.0, and 4.2% for paroxysmal, persistent, and permanent AF, respectively, with adjusted hazard ratio of 1.83 (P < 0.001) for permanent vs. paroxysmal and 1.44 (P = 0.02) for persistent vs. paroxysmal. Multivariable analysis identified age ≥ 75 year, sex, history of stroke or TIA, and AF pattern as independent predictors of stroke, with AF pattern being the second strongest predictor after prior stroke or TIA.
In a large population of non-anticoagulated AF patients, pattern of AF was a strong independent predictor of stroke risk and may be helpful to assess the risk/benefit for anticoagulant therapy, especially in lower risk patients.
ABSTRACT
We report on precise Doppler measurements of L231-32 (TOI-270), a nearby M dwarf (d = 22 pc, M⋆ = 0.39 M⊙, R⋆ = 0.38 R⊙), which hosts three transiting planets that were recently discovered ...using data from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). The three planets are 1.2, 2.4, and 2.1 times the size of Earth and have orbital periods of 3.4, 5.7, and 11.4 d. We obtained 29 high-resolution optical spectra with the newly commissioned Echelle Spectrograph for Rocky Exoplanet and Stable Spectroscopic Observations (ESPRESSO) and 58 spectra using the High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS). From these observations, we find the masses of the planets to be 1.58 ± 0.26, 6.15 ± 0.37, and 4.78 ± 0.43 M⊕, respectively. The combination of radius and mass measurements suggests that the innermost planet has a rocky composition similar to that of Earth, while the outer two planets have lower densities. Thus, the inner planet and the outer planets are on opposite sides of the ‘radius valley’ – a region in the radius-period diagram with relatively few members – which has been interpreted as a consequence of atmospheric photoevaporation. We place these findings into the context of other small close-in planets orbiting M dwarf stars, and use support vector machines to determine the location and slope of the M dwarf (Teff < 4000 K) radius valley as a function of orbital period. We compare the location of the M dwarf radius valley to the radius valley observed for FGK stars, and find that its location is a good match to photoevaporation and core-powered mass-loss models. Finally, we show that planets below the M dwarf radius valley have compositions consistent with stripped rocky cores, whereas most planets above have a lower density consistent with the presence of a H-He atmosphere.
This paper describes the operation of the Coherent CAPTAIN-Mills (CCM) detector located at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center at Los Alamos National Laboratory. CCM is a 10-ton liquid argon ...detector located 20 meters from a high flux neutron/neutrino source and is designed to search for sterile neutrinos (νs’s) and light dark matter (LDM). An engineering run was performed in fall 2019 to study the characteristics of the CCM120 detector by searching for coherent scattering signals consistent with νs’s and LDM resulting from the production and decays of π+ and π0 in the tungsten target. New parameter space in a leptophobic dark matter (DM) model was excluded for DM masses between ~2.0 and 30 MeV. The lessons learned from this run have guided the development and construction of the new CCM200 detector that will begin operations in 2021 and significantly improve on these searches.
Summary
Aim : To measure the prevalence of gastro‐oesophageal reflux symptoms and to identify associated factors in a representative sample of the Spanish population.
Methods : A telephone survey of ...2500 subjects was performed using a validated questionnaire. The association of gastro‐oesophageal reflux symptoms (defined as the presence of heartburn or acid regurgitation) and their clinical characteristics with potential risk factors was summarized using the odds ratios (OR) obtained by multiple logistic regression.
Results : The response rate was 71.2%. The annual prevalence of gastro‐oesophageal reflux symptoms was 31.6%95% confidence interval (CI), 29.8–33.4 and the weekly prevalence was 9.8% (95% CI, 8.6–10.9). Gastro‐oesophageal reflux symptoms were associated with excess weight (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.23–1.92), obesity (OR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.30–2.32), the psychosomatic symptom score (OR, 2.98; 95% CI, 2.41–3.67) and the presence of gastro‐oesophageal reflux symptoms in a direct family member (OR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.17–2.23). Gastro‐oesophageal reflux symptoms of ≥ 10 years' duration were more frequent in obese subjects (OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.14–3.22) and those with a direct family member with gastro‐oesophageal reflux symptoms (OR, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.44–4.06). Factors associated with gastro‐oesophageal reflux symptoms of ≤ 1 year duration were a spouse with gastro‐oesophageal reflux symptoms (OR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.39–3.9) and the consumption of 1–5 aspirins/week (OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.01–2.86).
Conclusions : The prevalence of frequent gastro‐oesophageal reflux symptoms in Spain is lower than that observed in other Western populations. The psychosomatic symptom score is the factor most strongly associated with gastro‐oesophageal reflux symptoms. Long‐term gastro‐oesophageal reflux symptoms are associated with certain genetic factors (obesity, family history of gastro‐oesophageal reflux symptoms), whereas short‐term gastro‐oesophageal reflux symptoms are associated with factors of probable environmental nature.
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