Sequoiadendron giganteum Lindl. Buchholz is a long-lived tree species endemic to the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California. Due to its massive size and beauty, S. giganteum is a popular ornamental ...tree planted in many parts of the world, including Europe. Since 2017, scattered branch die-back has been observed on S. giganteum trees in Zagreb, Croatia. Other symptoms included resinous branch cankers, reddish-brown discoloration of the sapwood and, in severe cases, crown die-back. Branches showing symptoms of die-back and cankers were collected from six S. giganteum trees in Zagreb and the aim of this study was to identify the causal agent of the disease. The constantly isolated fungi were identified using morphology and phylogenetic analyses based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA), and partial sequencing of two housekeeping genes, i.e., translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF 1-α), and β tubulin 2 (TUB2). The fungi were identified as Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.) Ces. and De Not. and Neofusicoccum yunnanense G.Q. Li & S.F. Chen. The pathogenicity test was conducted in a plant growth chamber on S. giganteum seedlings and revealed that N. yunnanense was more aggressive compared to B. dothidea. N. yunnanense was able to reproduce symptoms of canker and die-back and kill plants seven weeks after inoculation whereas B. dothidea produced cankers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of B. dothidea and N. yunnanense causing canker and die-back disease of S. giganteum in Croatia. It is also the first record on the identity and pathogenicity of any fungal species associated with S. giganteum in this country. The study expended the known host range of N. yunnanense to include S. giganteum, which is a valuable ornamental tree in Croatian landscapes. Disease management strategies should be developed to mitigate or reduce the impact of the disease.
To preserve the sustainability of Quercus robur forests, which is at risk due to the disturbed natural regeneration, human assisted sowing of acorns or planting of oak seedlings is often performed. ...However, the success of these methods depends greatly on the use of high-quality sowing and planting material. Thermotherapy is thus often employed to decrease the acorn mycobiota and maintain their quality during the storage. The aim of this study was to test the impact of acorn thermotherapy, followed by a short-term storage at −1 °C or 3 °C, on the quality of related oak seedlings, which was assessed based on the easily observable morphological characteristics. Height, root collar diameter and seedling form were measured or noted for the 1284 and 1190 seedlings at the age of four months and three years, respectively. It was found that acorn thermotherapy affirmatively affected seedling height, especially at the early growth stage. Positive impact on other seedling attributes could not be decisively confirmed because of the lack of the continuity of the effect (not visible in both younger and older seedlings) and the prevailing impact of other factors. Different acorn thermotherapy conditions (temperature and duration) and short-term storage temperatures appeared to be associated only with the occurrence of stem forking at the earlier stage of seedling growth.
Narrow-leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl), a highly valued European forest tree species, has been severely affected by a large-scale decline, which is most probably driven by a complex of ...multiple interacting factors including fungi, which contribute to and accelerate this process. Red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) can be considered as one of the contributing factors, as they inflict damage on the stems of young trees by stripping the bark. These wounds not only represent suitable entry points for fungi which can cause tissue necroses and decomposition, they can lead to changes in the wood structure as well. The aims of this research were to analyze chosen parameters of bark stripping wounds in narrow-leaved ash stands, identify fungi present in the tissue exposed by wounding, and inspect the effect of wounding on the wood structure. Bark stripping was observed on ash trees from 2 cm up to 18 cm of DBH and between 0.1 m and 1.9 m of stem height. The most susceptible trees were those with an average DBH of 5 ± 2.5 cm. On most of the ash trees (51%), one-third to two-thirds of the circumference was damaged. In wounded tissue, 174 fungal isolates were found, most of which belonged to known endophytic fungi from the genera Trichoderma, Fusarium, and Clonostachys. It was observed that earlywood cells in the wounding zone had narrower lumens compared to ones in adjacent healthy zone with regard to different trees and stem heights.
Common beech is one of the most widespread and important European tree species, widely used in timber industry and for energy production. Under specific set of complex factors, it facutatetivly ...develops false heartwood, which considerably decreases market demand and value of processed logs. Due to its properties, false heartwood is more susceptible to attack of wood decay fungi, which leads to further loss of wood quality and value. One of the most common fungi able to cause heart rot in beech is Meripilus giganteus, known for its spread in the basal parts of the tree, where it can affect most valuable sections of round wood. The aims of this study were to monitor the distribution of fungus and appearance of its fruiting bodies in research area, and to analyze the extent of fungus impact on shape and size of false heartwood and occurrence and length of rot in infected trees, while taking into account the observed stem damage as a possible influential factor. Fruiting bodies occurrence, life span and position on a tree were monitored during a six-year period. For trees with confirmed infection, stem damage was evaluated and appointed to one of four size classes. False heartwood shape and share in associated stem cross-section were observed and measured on 1–4 cross-sections per tree at different heights, and compared between infected and uninfected trees. If present, length of wood decay extent on butt-log was measured. The obtained results confirmed increased susceptibility of mature trees to infection, which seemed to occur mostly via roots from where mycelium spread into stem base. It was found that Meripilus giganteus has a significant impact on enlargement and change of FH shape from cloud- to star-like, up to approximately 5 m of the stem height, thus causing devaluation of the first assortments. The presence of rot was confirmed on the majority of infected trees, extending averagely 0.5 m into the first processed log, causing the loss of utilizable volume and thus the value of round wood. Stem damage category showed no significant effect on false heartwood or rot, supporting the prevailing impact of the fungus.
When natural regeneration of Quercus robur stands is hampered by an insufficient acorn yield, human assisted sowing of acorns collected in non-affected stands and stored for some period of time is ...performed. To inhibit the development of fungi and acorn deterioration during storage, thermotherapy is usually applied by submerging acorns for 2.5 h in water heated to 41 °C. This research aimed to test the effect of four thermotherapy treatments of different durations and/or applied temperatures as well as short-term storage at −1 °C or 3 °C on acorn internal mycobiota and germination. Fungal presence in cotyledons was analyzed in 450 acorns by isolation of mycelia on artificial media, followed by a DNA-based identification. Germination of 2000 acorns was monitored in an open field trial. Thermotherapy significantly decreased fungal diversity, while storage at 3 °C increased the isolation frequency of several fungi, mainly Penicillium spp. The most frequently isolated fungi did not show a negative impact on acorn germination after short-term storage. The study confirmed the efficiency of thermotherapy in the eradication of a part of acorn internal mycobiota, but also its effect on the proliferation of fast-colonizing fungi during storage. However, the latter showed to be more stimulated by storage conditions, specifically by storage at 3 °C.
Large-scale ash (Fraxinus spp.) dieback caused by the fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus has been a major concern throughout Europe for more than two decades. Most of the related research has been ...focused on Fraxinus excelsior L., and there is still little information on fungal involvement in the dieback of Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl, especially in roots and stem bases, which play an important role in decline progress and tree stability. The objectives of this study were to identify fungi present in visually healthy and symptomatic wood tissues in basal parts of narrow-leaved ash trees in different decline phases, in order to determine the possible role of these fungi and their importance in the dieback process. The stem bases and roots of 90 trees in three different health categories, determined based on crown defoliation, were sampled in natural stands affected by ash dieback. Isolated fungal cultures were identified based on the rDNA ITS (Internal transcribed spacer) region and their association with tree health status was analyzed. In total, 68 different fungal taxa were confirmed, including Hymenoscyphus fraxineus and Armillaria spp., which were mainly present in roots, although overall in lower frequencies than on common ash in other studies. Most frequently isolated fungal taxa, which encompassed 51% of all obtained isolates, were Trichoderma spp., Ilyonectria robusta, Fusarium solani, Cladosporium cladosporioides, and Diaporthe cotoneastri. Their associations with tree health categories and presence in both symptomatic and visually healthy wood indicate that they act as opportunistic pathogens and early colonizers of weakened ash tissues. Research also revealed that, although the extent of crown defoliation and presence of root and stem necroses were associated, basal symptoms occurred on a number of trees with healthy looking crowns, meaning they can develop independently.
Common beech is one of the most widespread and important European tree species, widely used in timber industry and for energy production. Under specific set of complex factors, it facutatetivly ...develops false heartwood, which considerably decreases market demand and value of processed logs. Due to its properties, false heartwood is more susceptible to attack of wood decay fungi, which leads to further loss of wood quality and value. One of the most common fungi able to cause heart rot in beech is Meripilus giganteus, known for its spread in the basal parts of the tree, where it can affect most valuable sections of round wood. The aims of this study were to monitor the distribution of fungus and appearance of its fruiting bodies in research area, and to analyze the extent of fungus impact on shape and size of false heartwood and occurrence and length of rot in infected trees, while taking into account the observed stem damage as a possible influential factor. Fruiting bodies occurrence, life span and position on a tree were monitored during a six-year period. For trees with confirmed infection, stem damage was evaluated and appointed to one of four size classes. False heartwood shape and share in associated stem cross-section were observed and measured on 1–4 cross-sections per tree at different heights, and compared between infected and uninfected trees. If present, length of wood decay extent on butt-log was measured. The obtained results confirmed increased susceptibility of mature trees to infection, which seemed to occur mostly via roots from where mycelium spread into stem base. It was found that Meripilus giganteus has a significant impact on enlargement and change of FH shape from cloud- to star-like, up to approximately 5 m of the stem height, thus causing devaluation of the first assortments. The presence of rot was confirmed on the majority of infected trees, extending averagely 0.5 m into the first processed log, causing the loss of utilizable volume and thus the value of round wood. Stem damage category showed no significant effect on false heartwood or rot, supporting the prevailing impact of the fungus.
Poljski jasen (
Fraxinus angustifolia
Vahl) je u Republici Hrvatskoj trenutno najoštećenija šumska vrsta drveća, sa 75 % stabala značajno osute krošnje prema podacima međunarodnog programa ICP ...Forests iz 2017. godine. Dosadašnja su istraživanja potvrdila patogenu gljivu
Hymenoscyphus fraxineus
kao primarnog uzročnika odumiranja krošanja poljskoga jasena na više lokacija te utvrdila njenu prisutnost u listovima, izbojcima, granama, bazi debla te korijenu stabala. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati prisutnost navedenog patogena u sjemenu poljskoga jasena, a također i identificirati ostale vrste potencijalno parazitskih gljiva, kako bi se s navedenog aspekta moglo procijeniti zdravstveno stanje i uporabljivost sjemena u rasadničkoj proizvodnji poljskoga jasena za obnovu sastojina i pošumljavanje. Sjeme je prikupljeno na pet lokacija u sastojinama kategoriziranim kao sjemenski izvor ili sjemenska sastojina na području šumarija Novoselec, Lipovljani, Gunja, Županja i Vukovar. Za analizu sjemena skladištenog jedan do dva mjeseca korištene su tri različite metode, uključujući klasičnu metodu izolacije gljiva iz tkiva na hranjive podloge te molekularne metode izolacije ukupne stanične DNK iz sjemena i umnažanja ciljanih sekvenci u lančanoj reakciji polimerazom korištenjem univerzalnih početnica (ITS 1, ITS 1 – F, ITS 4) i početnica specifičnih za gljivu
Hymenoscyphus fraxineus
.
Analizom je utvrđeno ukupno 15 različitih taksona gljiva u manje od 40 % ispitivanog sjemena, ukazujući na njegovo relativno dobro zdravstveno stanje. Najčešće su identificirani pripadnici roda
Alternaria,
od kojih su
A. alternata
i
A. tenuissima
identificirane do razine vrste,
te vrsta
Sphaerulina berberidis
. Ostali identificirani taksoni zabilježeni su na svega jednoj do tri sjemenke. Iako utvrđeni taksoni gljiva nisu uzrokovali vidljive simptome ili propadanje sjemena nakon jednog do dva mjeseca skladištenja, velik broj njih se u literaturi navode kao patogeni sjemena i plodova različitih vrsta drveća, a dio i kao oportunistički paraziti prisutni u nekrotičnom tkivu jasena (
Fraxinus
spp.), zbog čega se ne može u potpunosti isključiti njihov negativan utjecaj na sjeme tijekom duljih perioda skladištenja ili izlaganja nepovoljnim uvjetima. Vrsta
Hymenoscyphus fraxineus
niti jednom korištenom metodom nije utvrđena u analiziranom sjemenu, te nije dokazana mogućnost njena širenja na uzgojene sadnice ovim putem. Time nije isključena mogućnost njene prisutnosti na površini plodova, tj. perutki, koje su u ovom istraživanju površinski sterilizirane kako bi se smanjio utjecaj uobičajeno prisutnih epifitnih gljiva na rezultate.
Narrow-leaved ash (
Fraxinus angustifolia
), currently the most damaged forest tree species in the Republic of Croatia, is suffering from dieback primarily caused by pathogenic fungus
Hymenoscyphus fraxineus
. Since health status of seeds is very important for future seedling production, objective of this study was to screen narrow-leaved ash seeds for presence of this main pathogen and other potentially parasitic fungi. Seeds were collected from five locations and analysed using three different methods. Results revealed relatively good health status of inspected seeds, with total of 15 different fungal taxa identified in less than 40% of samples and no confirmation of
Hymenoscyphus fraxineus
presence. Most frequently detected fungi were various species of genus
Alternaria
and species
Sphaerulina berberidis
, while other taxa occurred rarely. Although identified fungal species haven’t caused visible symptoms on seeds after one to two months of storage, many of them are known seed pathogens or opportunistic ash (
Fraxinus
spp.) pathogens and could have a negative effect on seeds after longer period of storage or storage in unfavourable conditions.
Native narrow-leaved ash (
Fraxinus angustifolia
Vahl) and introduced green ash (
F. pennsylvanica
Marshall) are two most common ash (
Fraxinus
spp.)
species in Croatian lowland forests, taking
a ...significant place in these ecosystems. In the recent past it has been observed that narrow-leaved ash
seed yields have reduced, emphasising the importance of good health status of those collected, as they are used for seedling production and consecutive regeneration of forest stands or afforestation. Given that insects could be an important factor affecting ash seed health status, the aim of this research was to gain insight into the species being present and their frequency in the ash seeds. In total 2.500 narrow-leaved ash
and 1.000 green ash
seeds from seven different locations were screened for insect presence. Analysed seeds were categorized as undamaged, insect damaged or empty, and observed insect specimens were identified by morphological and molecular genetic analysis. Green ash
seeds revealed higher insect infestation in comparison with native ash species, with weevil
Lygniodes bischoffii
being the most numerous pest found. Narrow-leaved ash
seeds were mostly occupied by the native weevil species,
L. enucleator.
Besides these pests, larval, pupal, and adult stages of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera) and larval stage of the seed eating moth
Pseudargyrotoza conwagana
(Lepidoptera) were found in both ash species. However, given that pests detected in this study prefer urban areas or were present in a very small number of seeds, where they were often followed by parasitoids, it can be concluded that insects currently do not have a significant negative impact on the reproduction of narrow-leaved ash
and green ash in forest stands.
Autohtoni poljski jasen (
Fraxinus angustifolia
Vahl) i alohtoni pensilvanski jasen (
F. pennsylvanica
Marshall) su dvije najčešće vrste roda
Fraxinus
prisutne u nizinskim šumama Hrvatske, zbog čega zauzimaju važno mjesto u ovim šumskim ekosustavima. Posljednjih godina je zapaženo smanjenje uroda sjemena poljskog jasena, naglašavajući važnost dobrog zdravstvenog stanja sakupljenih količina, jer se sjeme koristi za proizvodnju sadnica koje se dalje upotrebljavaju za pomlađivanje šumskih sastojina ili pošumljavanje. Kako kukci mogu imati velik utjecaj na zdravstveno stanje sjemena, cilj ovog istraživanja je bio dobiti uvid u prisutne vrste i njihovu učestalost u sjemenu jasena. Prisutnost kukaca je analizirana u ukupno 2.500 sjemenki poljskoga i 1.000 sjemenki pensilvanskog jasena. Promatrano sjeme je kategorizirano kao neoštećeno, oštećeno i prazno (šturo), a nađene jedinke kukaca su identificirane na temelju morfoloških karakteristika i korištenjem molekularno genetičke analize. Sjeme pensilvanskog jasena pokazalo je veću oštećenost kukcima u usporedbi sa sjemenom poljskoga jasena, pri čemu je pipa
Lygniodes bischoffii
bila naj
č
e
š
ć
i utvr
đ
eni štetnik. O
š
te
ć
eno sjeme poljskog jasena je naj
č
e
š
ć
e bilo nastanjeno autohtonom vrstom pipe,
L. enucleator.
Osim navedenih štetnika, u sjemenu obje vrste jasena su na
đ
ene li
č
inke, kukuljice i imaga parazitoidnih osa (Hymenoptera) te ličinke štetnika
Pseudargyrotoza conwagana
(Lepidoptera). S obzirom da štetnici utvrđeni u istraživanju preferiraju urbana područja ili su nađeni na vrlo malom broju sjemena, često zajedno sa parazitoidima, može se zaključiti kako kukci trenutno nemaju značajan negativan utjecaj na zdravstveno stanje sjemena poljskog i pensilvanskog jasena u šumskim sastojinama.
Fungal diversity plays an important role in forest ecosystems stability as well in the health status of mycorrhizal forest trees. At research area in Istria, Croatia, pathogenic fungus
Sphaeropsis ...tip blight (
Sphaeropsis sapinea
(Fr.) Dyko et Sutton) caused substantial damage in Austrian pine (
Pinus nigra
J. F. Arnold) plantations during the last decades. This research continues on previous done in Austrian pine plantations on predisposition to
S. sapinea
infections, where site and stress conditions were determined as key factors, but also, the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi were confirmed as biological indicators of the health status in selected plantations. We analyzed fungal diversity of Austrian pine plantations to determine the dependence of species richness and its diversity index, both for total and ECM species only, in relation to
S. sapinea
infection rate and crown transparency of selected trees. Fungal samples were collected during 2013 at nine permanent research plots in autumn season. Their total and ECM species richness and diversity index were correlated to Sphaeropsis tip blight infection level and crown transparency. Our results did not confirm the hypothesis that Austrian pine plantations with higher total species richness and its diversity index are more resistant to
S. sapinea
infection nor to crown transparency. Oppositely, ectomycorrhizal species richness and its diversity index might be used as good biological indicators of
S. sapinea
presence and crown transparency of studied plantations.
Patogena gljiva
Sphaeropsis sapinea
(Fr.) Dyko et Sutton uzrokovala je značajna sušenja kultura crnoga bora (
Pinus nigra
J. F. Arnold) u Istri tijekom posljednja tri desetljeća. Iako je sam patogen detaljno istraživan u Hrvatskoj, ali i mnogim drugim zemljama, još uvijek nisu poznati svi čimbenici koju sudjeluju u izbijanju i širenju zaraza. Stres uzrokovan nedostatkom vode opisan je kao jedan od najvažnijih čimbenika koji stvara predispoziciju borova na zarazu sa
S. sapinea
. No, novija istraživanja pokazuju da značajnu ulogu u osjetljivosti crnoga bora na zarazu imaju i ektomikorizne (ECM) gljive. Gljive su vrlo značajan čimbenik stabilnosti šumskih ekosustava, bez obzira kojoj trofičkoj grupi pripadaju. S obzirom na opću slabu istraženost makrogljiva, posebno njihove bioraznolikosti i funkcionalne važnosti pojedinih vrsta u ekosustavima, cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je utvrditi bogatstvo vrsta gljiva i indeks njihove raznolikosti. Postavljena je hipoteza da kulture crnoga bora s većim bogatstvom vrsta i većim indeksom raznolikosti pokazuju manju osjetljivost prema napadu
S. sapinea
. Hipoteza je nadalje razdijeljena između ukupnog bogatstva vrsta i Shannon indeksa raznolikosti te bogatstva ECM vrsta i pripadajućeg Shannon indeksa.
Istraživanje se baziralo na sakupljanju nadzemnih plodišta makrogljiva (većih od 1 mm). Uzorci gljiva sakupljani su tijekom 2013. godine na devet trajnih ploha od 36. do 50. tjedna u godini. Sve plohe nalazile su se državnim šumama na području UŠP Buzet (Tablica 1). Svi uzorci pohranjeni su u Hrvatski nacionalni fungarij (CNF). Vrste su određivane standardnim metodama mikroskopiranja. Osutost krošanja svih stabala na plohama određena je prema ICP Forest metodi. Na svakoj je plohi analizirano po jedno stablo crnoga bora s prosječnom osutošću krošnje, kako bi se utvrdila prisutnost i brojnost piknida
S. sapinea
na iglicama. Za statističku analizu podataka korišteni su programi Statistica 10 (StatSoft, Inc., Tulsa, OK, USA) i PAST 3.06 (Paleontological Statistics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Norway).
Istraživanjem je obrađeno ukupno 3377 plodišta makrogljiva. Određene su 124 vrste, od kojih je 51 bila ektomikorizna (ECM). Najviše vrsta (
S
) zabilježeno je na plohi Trošti (35), a najmanje na plohama Paz i Lovranska Draga (15) (Tablica 2). Najveće bogatstvo ECM vrsta (
S’
) zabilježeno je na plohi Lesišćina (22), dok ih je najmanje bilo na plohi Lovranska Draga (5). Najviša vrijednost Shannon indeksa (
H
) zabilježena je na plohi
Trstenik (3,04), a najmanja na plohi Previž (1,38) (Tablica 2). Najviši Shannon indeks ECM vrsta (
H’
) zabilježen je na plohi Lesišćina (2,14), a najniži na plohi Kurbino brdo (0,60). Na plohi trošti utvrđen je najveći prosječan broj piknida
S. sapinea
po iglici (24,46) te najviša prosječna osutost krošanja (44,17 %) (Tablica 2). Na plohama Previž i Lesišćina nije utvrđena prisutnost piknida
S. sapinea
na iglicama, a ploha Lesišćina imala je i najmanju prosječnu osutost krošanja (6,86 %). Koeficijent korelacije pokazuje slabu i statistički neznačajnu povezanost bogatstva vrsta s brojem piknida
S. sapinea
na iglici (r = 0,273) (Slika 1), dok s prosječnom osutošću krošanja nema povezanosti (r = 0,100) (Slika 2). Povezanost bogatstva ECM vrsta pokazuje jaku negativnu korelaciju s brojem piknida (r = –0,564) (Slika 3), te vrlo jaku negativnu korelaciju (r = –0,756) s osutošću krošanja (Slika 4). Shannon indeks pokazuje statistički neznačajnu i jako slabu korelaciju s prosječnim brojem piknida (r = 0,241) (Slika 5) te srednje jaku povezanost s osutošću krošanja (r = 0,425) (Slika 6). Shannon indeks ECM vrsta pokazuje jaku negativnu povezanost s brojem piknida (r = –0,511) (Slika 7) te slabu negativnu povezanost s osutošću krošanja (r = –0,325) (Slika 8).
Ovaj rad dio je kontinuiranog procesa istraživanja šteta koje pričinjava
S. sapinea
i nastavak je prijašnjih istraživanja predispozicije crnoga bora na zarazu ovim patogenom
u Istri, prilikom kojih je utvrđen utjecaj staništa, stresa i ektomikoriznih gljiva na zarazu. S obzirom na dobivene rezultate, odbacujemo hipotezu da ukupno bogatstvo vrsta može poslužiti kao pouzdan biološki pokazatelj osjetljivosti crnoga bora na zarazu sa
S. sapinea
i osutosti krošanja zbog vrlo slabe ili nepostojeće veze između promatranih varijabli. Pripadajući Shannon indeks raznolikosti vrlo je slabo povezan s brojem piknida na iglici, pa je stoga također odbačen kako pouzdan indikator zaraze. Shannon indeks ECM vrsta slabo je povezan s osutošću te također ne može poslužiti kao pouzdan pokazatelj zdravstvenoga stanja istraživanih kultura crnoga bora. Nasuprot tomu, bogatstvo ECM vrsta može poslužiti kao dobar pokazatelj prisutnosti piknida i osutosti krošanja. Prema dobivenom regresijskom modelu, u slučaju kada imamo 22 ECM vrste po plohi piknide se ne razvijaju na iglicama crnoga bora, a u slučaju kada imamo 20 ECM vrsta po plohi osutost se smanjuje ispod 10%. Linearni regresijski model pokazuje da ukoliko Shannon indeks za ukupan broj vrsta prelazi 2,4, osutost krošanja raste iznad 25 %, a ukoliko on iznosi iznad 3,0, osutost se može povećati iznad 30 %. Promatrajući linearni regresijski model povezanosti Shannon indeksa ECM vrsta i piknida
S. sapinea
, možemo zaključiti kako povećanjem vrijednosti indeksa iznad 2,4 piknide izostaju s iglica te isti može poslužiti kako dobar pokazatelj zdravstvenog stanja istraživanih kultura crnoga bora. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata zaključujemo kako je potrebno provesti daljnja istraživanja opisanih odnosa na većem broju ploha i tijekom dužeg razdoblja. Na taj bi način bilo moguće dobiti pouzdanije podatke koji bi mogli poslužiti za razvijanje novih metoda i modela integrirane zaštite šuma u sve izraženijim ekološkim promjenama u staništima crnoga bora.
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