This research investigated milk commodities' physicochemical characteristics and sensory quality related to their processing techniques, namely ESL milk, compared to raw and pasteurized milk. Several ...chemical, physical, and sensory tests were carried out, and the obtained data were statistically evaluated. The results indicated that dry matter varied between 8.95 % and 13.11 %, while most milk samples contained more than 3.00 % fat. pH with values between 6.65 and 6.80 was consistent with titratable acidity results (0.135 % to 0.198 % lactic acid). The raw and ESL milk samples had positive lactoperoxidasc results, while the pasteurized milk samples had negative lactoperoxidasc results. The color analysis showed that the L values of the ESL milk samples were lower, and the color was darker than that of the pasteurized milk samples. The processing technology did not affect the samples' dry matter, fat content, and the a· and b· values but influenced the taste scores throughout the sensory analysis. While the scores for taste were statistically lower for ESL milk samples, the scores for odor and appearance were unaffected by the processing method. In conclusion, compared to pasteurized milk, ESL milk samples were not the first choice for the panelist's sensory scores.
Recently, the demand for goat and sheep cheese has increased mainly because of its nutritional and health benefits. As a result, an enormous amount of whey from various animal species is produced as ...a waste/by-product. The production of functional probiotic fermented beverages from different types of whey protein concentrates (WPC) could be a good way to valorize whey. Meanwhile, reduced environmental pollution and economic sustainability will be provided. In this study, probiotic beverages enriched with 1% kiwi powder were produced from goat, sheep, and cow WPC (15%). Moreover,
subsp.
and the probiotic bacteria
and
subsp.
were used for fermentation. The results showed that WPC significantly increased the protein content and acidity of beverages (
< 0.05). Production with WPC also improved the viability of probiotic bacteria and
, total phenolic compound (TPC), and antioxidant activity of beverages. The highest viability of probiotic bacteria (9.67 log CFU/mL for Bb-12 and, 9.35 log CFU/mL for
) was found in beverages produced from goat WPC. In addition, WPC increased the free amino acid content of beverages, and the highest essential amino acids and branched-chain amino acids were found in beverages produced from goat WPC as 146.19 mg/100 g and 70.31 mg/100 g, respectively (
< 0.05). Consequently, while production with goat, cow, and sheep WPC improved quality compared to the control, beverages produced from goat WPC excelled. The production of a functional probiotic beverage with goat WPC is promising for dairy technology.
There is an increasing interest in applying fruit-processing wastes as functional food ingredients. Hazelnut skin, an interesting and innovative ingredient has recently been evaluated as one of the ...richest edible sources of polyphenolic compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the use of hazelnut skin as a functional additive in yogurt and to determine the effect of various percentages (2%, 3%, and 4%) of hazelnut skin on the physicochemical, microbiological, rheological, biochemical, and sensorial properties of yogurt. The results showed that the addition of hazelnut skin significantly increased total solids from 16.5% to 17.7% and fat content from 3.45% to 4.60% and decreased titratable acidity by up to 36%. The enrichment with hazelnut skin also improved the viability of yogurt bacteria, water holding capacity (WHC), and antioxidant activity of yogurts. Better results for WHC and antioxidant values were found in yogurt enriched with 4% hazelnut skin. Total phenolic content and Fe2+ chelating activity of yogurts increased with the increasing hazelnut skin ratio. However, yogurts with hazelnut skin had low instrumental texture parameters and apparent viscosity values. On the other hand, acceptable sensorial properties similar to control yogurts increase the consumption potential of yogurts enriched with hazelnut skin.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of kefir production using cow-oat milk mixture. Therefore kefir samples with 20, 40 and 60 % of oat milk were produced. The effect of oat-milk ...ratio on physicochemical, rheological, microbiological and sensory characteristics of the kefir samples was studied during 21 days storage at refrigerated conditions. Increasing oat milk concentration affected the whey-off and apparent viscosity by higher whey off and lower viscosity results. Also the proteolytic activity of the samples was decreased by raising the oat milk concentrations. Increase of the oat milk concentration leaded to a decrease of pH of the samples. Statistical analysis showed that the lactococci and lactobacilli viable cell counts differed among the samples while the highest count was detected in sample with the highest amount of oat milk. The control sample (without oat milk) had higher yeast count during the storage period. The final product with 20 % of oat-milk and without addition of flavour was found to be the most acceptable by the sensory panellists. The results indicate the possibility for a new cow/oat milk based kefir.
Probiotic fermented milks were produced from goat milk containing two different somatic cell counts (SCC) at low (<500.000 cells/mL) and high (>1.500.000 cells/mL) levels. The produced samples were ...analysed for some chemical, textural, microbiological and sensory properties. The samples made from high SCC goat milk had higher lipolytic activity. The viscosity and hardness of probiotic fermented milks with low SCC were higher than that of the higher SCC samples. Probiotic fermented milks produced with low SCC achieved higher sensory scores and the viability of the starter bacteria was more stable in these samples.
This study investigated the effect of fortification with sodium–calcium caseinate (SCaCN), whey protein concentrate (WPC) or a blend of those ingredients on some properties of probiotic yoghurt. At ...the beginning of the storage, the highest angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitory activity (ACEI %) was obtained from yoghurts with SCaCN. However, the levels of proteolytic and ACEI activities were highest in WPC‐supplemented yoghurt after 14 and 28 days. The highest Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bb12 viability was obtained in yoghurts with WPC or the SCaCN–WPC blend. A gradual increase in lactic acid was also obtained in the yoghurts supplemented with WPC or with the SCaCN–WPC blend; there was no increase in acetic acid.
Concentrations of thiamin were determined in pasteurized and UHT-sterilized milks, yoghurt and kefir samples by high-performance liquid chromatography using a reversed-phase C-18 column connected to ...fluorescence detector. The linearity, recovery and reproducibility of the method were satisfactory. The thiamin content ranged from 0.305±0.02 to 0.252±0.03 mg/l in market milks. Yoghurt samples had higher concentration of thiamin (0.355±0.04 and 0.404±0.02 mg/l) than values found in market milks. The least thiamin content was found in kefir (0.175±0.03 mg/l) among the samples analyzed.
El queso kashar fue producido con leche entera (MF) o con leche desnatada homogenizada con una mezcla comercial de grasas vegetales (VF) por el método tradicional. Los quesos resultantes fueron ...almacenados durante 3 meses a 5 grados C, y analizados para determinar su composición y su contenido en colesterol. Se estudió, además de la proteólisis y la lipolisis, el contenido de ácidos orgánicos y la composición en ácidos grasos durante la maduración de los quesos. La sustitución de la grasa de la leche por mezclas de grasas vegetales afectó principalmente al pH, sólidos totales y contenido de colesterol en la composición inicial de los quesos (p < 0,05). El grado de acidez y el contenido de tirosina en ambos quesos creció durante el proceso de maduración y diferencias significativas fueron encontradas entre ambos queso sólo después de 30 días de maduración (p < 0,05). Las concentraciones de ácidos orgánicos de ambos quesos cambiaron durante la maduración (p < 0,05) excepto para los ácidos cítrico y oxálico. Los quesos MF mostraron un mayor contenido de ácidos cítrico, succínico y oxálico especialmente al final del proceso de maduración. El ácido palmítico fue el ácido graso mayoritario en quesos MF, mientras que los ácidos grasos predominantes en los quesos VF fueron el ácido palmítico y el ácido oleico. Además, el mayor contenido en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados en quesos VF los hace más atractivos desde un punto de vista nutricional.
Kashar cheese was produced from whole milk (MF) or skim milk homogenized with a commercial vegetable fat blend (VF) by the traditional procedure. The resulting cheese was stored for 3 months at 5 deg C, and analyzed initially for its gross composition and cholesterol content. In addition, the proteolysis and lipolysis, organic acid content and fatty acid composition were studied during the ripening of the cheese. The replacement of milk fat with a vegetable fat blend mainly affected pH, total solids and cholesterol content in the initial composition of the cheese (P < 0.05). The acid degree value and tyrosine contents in both types of cheese increased throughout ripening and significant differences were found between the cheeses after only 30 days of ripening (P < 0.05). The organic acid concentrations of both cheeses changed during ripening (P < 0.05) except for citric and oxalic acids. MF cheese showed higher levels of citric, succinic and oxalic acids especially towards to the end of ripening. Palmitic acid was the dominant fatty acid in MF cheese while the most abundant fatty acids in VF cheese were palmitic and oleic acid. The higher unsaturated fatty acid composition of the VF cheese has attracted attention from the healthy food image point of view.
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