In this paper, a CNN-Bi-LSTM-CRF model is formed by using convolutional neural network combined with Bi-LSTMCRF, and at the same time, with the help of the attention mechanism, which is used to carry ...out attribute extraction research on the attribute-valued texts in the intangible cultural heritage annotated intangible cultural heritage attribute corpus as well as the validation of the automatic text detection system for the error text, and the results show that the CNN-Bi-LSTM-CRF model performs optimally in the attribute extraction of “heritage type”, with a score of 97.382. The results show that the CNN-Bi-LSTM-CRF model has the best performance, with a score of 97.382 in the attribute extraction of “heritage type”, and the average detection error rate of the traditional system is (17.5%,14.20%) in the comparison of the detection error rate of handwritten and printed text, respectively, the average detection error rate of Bi-LSTM-CRF is (7.19%, 6.15%). The average detection error rate is (7.19%, 6.15%). CNN-Bi-LSTM-CRF samples and categorizes the translations of the three NRLs, and finds that there is a considerable proportion of mistranslations in the linguistic dimension (30.2%), cultural dimension (8.05%) and communicative dimension (10.07%). Finally, it explores tourists’ satisfaction with the destination through outreach factors. Most foreign tourists’ affective polarity scores for the Great Wall range from 0.1 to 0.3, with primarily positive emotions.
•Granular activated carbon was modified by polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).•Pore structure and surface chemistry of bare and modified AC were characterized.•PDMS coated AC had better benzene adsorption ...capacity under humid conditions.•Hydrophobic PDMS-coated surface favors benzene adsorption under humid conditions.
A series of hydrophobic-modified (polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coating) activated carbons (ACs) were developed to answer a fundamental question: what are the determinants that dominate the adsorption on ACs under humid conditions? Using column experiments, an inter-comparison among bare-AC and PDMS-coated ACs was conducted regarding the association of surface characteristics and adsorption capacity. Primary outcomes occurred in two dominating markers, hydrophobicity and total micropore volume, which played a key role in water adsorption on ACs. However, their contributions to water adsorption on ACs substantially differed under different Pwater/Pair conditions. Hydrophobicity was the only contributor in Pwater/Pair=0.1–0.6, while the two markers contributed equally in Pwater/Pair=0.7–1.0. Furthermore, PDMS-coated AC had a significant increase in benzene adsorption capacities compared to bare-AC at 0–90% relative humidity, while these differences were not significant among PDMS-coated ACs. It is thus presumed that the balance between the two markers can be shifted to favor almost unchanged benzene adsorption capacities among PDMS-coated ACs over a large range of relative humidity. These findings suggest potential benefits of PDMS coating onto ACs in enhancing selective adsorption of hydrophobic volatile organic compounds under high humid conditions. To develop new porous materials with both high total micropore volume and hydrophobicity should thus be considered.
With the rapid development of modern industry, heavy metals in the soil introduce the risk of serious pollution. To reduce this pollution risk, the following four research questions needed to be ...addressed: What are the main influencing factors of soil pollution? What is the degree of influence? Do factors operate independently or are they interconnected? Which regions have high pollution risk and should be paid more attention? The study area was in Huanjiang County, with 273 km2, and geographical detector proved to be a useful tool to solve these four problems. We found that mine activity and pH value were the primary influencing factors for total and water-soluble heavy metals. The interaction effects of mine activity and soil type, pH values, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for total heavy metals, as well as pH value and mine activity for water-soluble heavy metals, were greater than the sum effect of two factors. Zones with a high concentration of heavy metals were closer to the road and farther from the mine area, which had low NDVI, large slope, high terrain, and large pH values. Concentrations of total heavy metals were higher in calcareous soils and in dryland and forests. Zones with a higher concentration of water-soluble heavy metals were closer to the mine and river, which had lower DEM and pH values. The uncertainty of geographical detector was also analyzed on the basis of their interpolation accuracy and the stratification number of influencing factors, and we found that the existing sample numbers and the stratification number of influencing factors met the needs of geographical detector calculation. This study's conclusions are useful for soil pollution control and restoration.
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•Quantitatively identified the main influencing factors on the spatial distribution of pollutants in the soil.•Quantitatively analyzed the interaction effect of factors on the spatial distribution of pollutants in the soil.•Identified the potential zones at risk for pollution in the soil, where should be pay more attention.
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•Energy self-sufficiency is feasible for wastewater treatment.•There is a large gap between current practice and energy self-sufficiency.•Emission factors, treatment objective, ...technologies and capacity make differences.•It provides a global perspective on the state of WWTPs.•It serves to improve the understanding, designing and operating of WWTPs.
Currently almost all wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) require a large amount of energy input to process the influent, mostly as electricity, and the associated carbon emissions are in aggregate significant. In order to achieve carbon neutrality, it is important to understand direct and indirect carbon emissions generated by WWTPs. Here, we focused on electricity use in WWTPs as it is a major source of carbon emissions. Specifically, we compared the electricity intensity and associated carbon emissions of WWTPs in four countries: the USA, Germany, China, and South Africa. We found that 100% energy self-sufficient WWTPs are feasible by a combination of increased energy efficiency and energy harvesting from the wastewater. Carbon emissions of WWTPs depend strongly on the electricity fuel mix, wastewater treatment technologies, treatment capacity, and influent and effluent water quality. A few WWTPs operating in developed countries (USA and Germany) have already achieved almost 100% (or higher) electricity self-sufficiency through energy efficiency and harvesting biogas and electricity. In comparison with Germany, WWTPs in the USA are more heterogeneous and the range of unit carbon emission intensity is much wider. In some areas where the organic content in wastewater is lower and less biogas is produced, it is still possible to achieve energy self-sufficiency by using thermal energy from wastewater. Industrial wastewater in China in general consumes more electricity and the carbon intensity of electricity is also higher, resulting in much higher unit carbon emissions as compared with other countries. In megacities such as Shanghai, larger capacity of centralized WWTPs can decrease the unit carbon emissions significantly. These findings provide a global perspective on the state of WWTPs and are helpful to improve the understanding, designing and operating of WWTPs from the perspective of achieving carbon neutrality.
This paper investigates the input-to-state contraction for impulsive systems. The notion of input-to-state contraction (ISC) is proposed via incremental input-to-state stability (δISS). By using the ...method of variation, the equivalence between global ISC and exponential δISS is established. Then by the technique of the average dwell-time (ADT), some criteria for global ISC and exponential δISS are derived for impulsive systems. Moreover, by using impulse frequency (I.F.) to replace ADT, the criteria are improved and less conservative criteria via I.F. are established for global ISC and exponential δISS. The criteria are used to derive global ISC and exponential δISS for continuous and discrete time systems. Discussions are given to relax the differentiable vector fields. And the criteria of exponential δISS via the Lyapunov-like function are derived for impulsive systems satisfying time-varying Lipschitz condition. Finally, three examples are worked out for illustrations, where impulsive control is designed for chaotic systems to achieve global ISC.
This paper studies the uniform synchronization for chaotic systems via event‐triggered aperiodic intermittent control (E‐APIC). A synchronization scheme via E‐APIC is proposed for master‐slave ...chaotic systems. Based on the error state and three indices of threshold‐value, check‐period, and control‐free index, E‐APIC is designed and the synchronization is achieved by such an E‐APIC. Also, a simplified E‐APIC is derived by letting the control‐free index trend to zero. With respect to the uncertainties, the simplified E‐APIC is strengthened to be robust for the uniform synchronization. Moreover, in order to compare with the synchronization schemes via periodic intermittent control (PIC), time‐based aperiodic intermittent control (T‐APIC), and event‐triggered impulsive control (ETIC), criteria of synchronization via PIC and T‐APIC and the scheme of ETIC are given respectively. And by using the same control width, the theoretical results on rate of control (RoC) and number of control (NoC) are derived respectively and show that E‐APIC has less RoC and NoC than both PIC and T‐APIC. The chaotic Chua's system is used to test the uniform synchronization via PIC, T‐APIC, E‐APIC, and ETIC. The numerical simulations show that E‐APIC has better performances on aspects of NoC, RoC, cost, and average non‐control width than PIC, T‐APIC, and ETIC.
This article studies the event-triggered impulsive control (ETIC) with constraints for the stabilization of switched stochastic systems (SSSs). An ETIC scheme with constraints is proposed for SSS by ...designing two levels of events via three indices: 1) a threshold value; 2) a control-free index; and 3) a check period. It is also constrained via a constraint index. Based on the activation probabilities and transition probabilities of subsystems, the stabilizations in terms of the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">p </tex-math></inline-formula>th moment exponential stability and almost exponential stability are achieved, respectively, by the ETIC with constraints. Moreover, based on the scheme of ETIC with constraints, sampling-based ETIC and random ETIC are proposed, respectively. The stabilization conditions via sampling-based ETIC and random ETIC are also derived. It is shown that the ETIC with constraints is non-Zeno and robust with respect to time delays and can achieve lower impulse frequency than the classic time-based impulsive control and recent ETIC schemes. Finally, two examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the ETIC with constraints.
Testicular cancer is the most common solid malignancy among young men. We downloaded data of testicular cancer patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas database to find novel genes in the testicular ...cancer microenviroment based on ESTIMATE algorithm‐derived immune scores. A total of 156 cases of testicular cancer were included in this study and 165 cases of normal testicular tissues were used. We divided the testicular cancer patients into high‐ and low‐score groups based on their immune scores. We identified 1,226 differentially expressed genes (fold change > 2, false discovery rate < 0.05), including 688 downregulated genes and 538 upregulated genes, between these two groups. The top Gene Ontology terms were involved in the immune response‐regulating cell surface receptor signaling pathway, immune response‐activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway, external side of the plasma membrane, and receptor ligand activity. By performing the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis, we demonstrated that cAMP signaling pathway was highly enriched among these differentially expressed genes. High expression of LINC01564, LINC02208, ODAM, RNA5SP111, and RNU6‐196P were found to be associated with poor overall survival. The expression of genes was further validated by the Human Protein Atlas and only ALB and IFNG were demonstrated to be differentially expressed between testis tissue and testicular cancer tissue.
Testicular cancer is the most common solid malignancy among young men. We used the ESTIMATE algorithm to calculate immune scores and obtain several novel genes associated with testicular cancer microenvironment. Two genes were validated by the Human Protein Atlas database to be differentially expressed between testis tissue and testicular cancer tissues. These findings would contribute greatly to the understanding of the potential mechanism of testicular cancer.
Social insects are prone to pathogen infection because of high exposure rates from social interactions. However, it remains unclear whether queens have enhanced pathogen resistance, because ...reproduction is largely confined to queens. Here, we used a natural host–pathogen system, the subterranean termite Reticulitermes chinensis and the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, to investigate the differences in allogrooming, locomotion, and immune gene expression between queens and workers against pathogen infection. We found that fungal infection significantly reduced survival in both queens and workers. Infected queens received significantly more grooming time from sanitary nestmates than infected workers, but they returned much less grooming time to sanitary nestmates than infected workers. Infection resulted in a reduction in the average locomotion speed and distance of queens but had no effect on worker locomotion. Infection resulted in upregulated expression of two immune genes (termicin and transferrin), two antioxidant genes (CAT and SOD), and phosphate genes CYP450 in queens but not in workers. Our results indicated that eusocial termites evolved strategies that prioritize the reproductive castes' welfare in defending against the pathogen infection to ensure continued reproduction and colony persistence.
This paper studies full‐order impulsive observers for impulsive systems with unknown inputs. Two types of full‐order impulsive observers are designed respectively. The first type is Luenberger‐type ...impulsive observer (LIO). The second type is for the observed system with eliminable unknown input, where the impulsive observer is allowed to have nonidentical dynamic structure with the observed system. The conditions via the average dwell time technique are derived for the existence of these two types of impulsive observers. It is shown that in the LIO, the observer's state tracks the observed system's state in the sense of input‐to‐state stability (ISS). Specifically, the observer's state track completely the observed system's state if the unknown input trends to zero. While in the second type of impulsive observer, the observer's state tracks completely the observed system's state regardless of the unknown input trends to zero. Finally, three examples with simulations are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results.
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