The dielectric permittivity is one of the most significant properties of lunar material. For the past decades, researchers have assumed or used an indirect density versus depth relation to constrain ...the subsurface permittivity on the Moon. On 3 January 2019, Chang'E‐4 (CE‐4) rover‐borne lunar penetrating radar (LPR) successfully landed on the Von Kármán crater on the Moon's farside. CE‐4 LPR is the first surface radar on the Moon's farside for exploring regolith thickness and geological structure. Numerous parabolic‐shaped diffractions (PSD), which indicate subsurface objects, are identified in LPR data. We estimate the permittivity of the first ~50 m at the landing region using these PSDs based on a hyperbolic fitting method. A best‐fit permittivity/density versus depth relation is obtained, and this relation could be used at different areas on the Moon.
Plain Language Summary
Currently, rover‐deployed/spaceborne radar systems are frequently employed in lunar exploration. The depth and thickness of lunar subsurface structure observed from radar data are completely influenced by the dielectric properties of subsurface materials. The dielectric properties also provide vital clues on compositions and origin of subsurface materials. However, except the results measured with returned sample from lunar surface, we have no more information about dielectric properties of global and deeper lunar subsurface materials. In January, China's CE‐4 spacecraft softly landed on the farside of the Moon for the first time and released the lunar penetrating radar (LPR). In this study, we estimate the dielectric permittivity of the first ~50 m at the landing region with LPR data and propose a best‐fit permittivity/density versus depth relation which could be used at different areas on the Moon.
Key Points
The permittivity of lunar subsurface materials at CE‐4 landing site is estimated
A best‐fit permittivity/density versus depth relation is obtained
The obtained best‐fit relation can be used at different areas on the Moon
Recently, Wi-Fi channel state information (CSI) motion detection systems have been widely researched for applications in human health care and security in flat floor environments. However, these ...systems disregard the indoor context, which is often complex and consists of unique features, such as staircases. Motion detection on a staircase is also meaningful and important for various applications, such as fall detection and intruder detection. In this paper, we present the difference in CSI motion detection in flat floor and staircase environments through analysing the radio propagation model and experiments in real settings. For comparison in the two environments, an indoor CSI motion detection system is proposed with several novel methods including correlation-based fusion, moving variance segmentation (MVS), Doppler spread spectrum to improve the system performance, and a correlation check to reduce the implementation cost. Compared with existing systems, our system is validated to have a better performance in both flat floor and staircase environments, and further utilized to verify the superior CSI motion detection performance in staircase environments versus flat floor environments.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cancer are common age-related diseases, and epidemiological evidence suggests an inverse relationship between them. However, investigating the potential mechanism ...underlying their relationship remains insufficient.
Based on genome-wide association summary statistics for 42,034 AD patients and 609,951 cancer patients from the GWAS Catalog using the two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) method. Moreover, we utilized two-step MR to identify metabolites mediating between AD and cancer. Furthermore, we employed colocalization analysis to identify genes whose upregulation is a risk factor for AD and demonstrated the genes' upregulation to be a favorable prognostic factor for cancer by analyzing transcriptomic data for 33 TCGA cancer types.
Two-sample MR analysis revealed a significant causal influence for increased AD risk on reduced cancer risk. Two-step MR analysis identified very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) as a key mediator of the negative cause-effect relationship between AD and cancer. Colocalization analysis uncovered PVRIG upregulation to be a risk factor for AD. Transcriptomic analysis showed that PVRIG expression had significant negative correlations with stemness scores, and positive correlations with antitumor immune responses and overall survival in pan-cancer and multiple cancer types.
AD may result in lower cancer risk. VLDL is a significant intermediate variable linking AD with cancer. PVRIG abundance is a risk factor for AD but a protective factor for cancer. This study demonstrates a causal influence for AD on cancer and provides potential molecular connections between both diseases.
In the present work, with the addition of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) as Zn source, the Zn-incorporated TiO2 coatings were successfully produced by the facile one-step micro-arc oxidation (MAO) method. ...The influence of current density on the microstructural features and biological properties of Zn-incorporated TiO2 MAO coatings were systematically examined. It is revealed that, at a relatively low current density of 0.1 A/cm2, Zn species either locate on the coating surface as ZnO nano-sheet clusters or entrap within the coating. By contrast, Zn species tend to fuse into the coating at a relatively high current density of 0.5 A/cm2, which exhibits a three-layered structure with significant difference of crystallinity, composition and morphology between different layers. The biological experiments indicate that different current densities result in different osteogenic activities and antibacterial properties of Zn-incorporated TiO2 coatings. The presence of a Zn-depleted amorphous outer-layer on the MAO coating produced at the current density of 0.5 A/cm2 favours the deposition of apatite-like phases, but retards the release of Zn ions, which thus results in its higher osteogenic activity with lower antibacterial capability compared to that produced at the current density of 0.1 A/cm2. In summary, dual-functional Zn-incorporated TiO2 coatings could be successfully produced through the facile one-step MAO method, with both antibacterial property and bone formability significantly affected by the current density of MAO process.
•Dual-functional Zn-incorporated TiO2 coatings are successfully produced using one-step micro-arc oxidation method with ZnO nanoparticles as Zn source.•The coating formation process is closely associated with the energy released pre discharge site.•A three-layered Zn-incorporated TiO2 coating could be fabricated through micro-arc oxidation at the current density of 0.5 A/cm2.•Antibacterial property and bone formability of Zn-incorporated TiO2 coatings are closely associated with their microstructural features.•Biological properties could be controlled by adjusting the current density of micro-arc oxidation process.
The thickness estimation of the top surface layer and surface layer, as well as the detection of road defects, are of great importance to the quality conditions of asphalt pavement. Although ground ...penetrating radar (GPR) methods have been widely used in non-destructive detection of pavements, the thickness estimation of the thin top surface layer is still a difficult problem due to the limitations of GPR resolution and the similar permittivity of asphalt sub-layers. Besides, the detection of some road defects, including inadequate compaction and delamination at interfaces, require further practical study. In this paper, a newly-developed vehicle-mounted GPR detection system is introduced. We used a horizontal high-pass filter and a modified layer localization method to extract the underground layers. Besides, according to lab experiments and simulation analysis, we proposed theoretical methods for detecting the degree of compaction and delamination at the interface, respectively. Moreover, a field test was carried out and the estimated results showed a satisfactory accuracy of the system and methods.
► Design a new thin layer cell.
► In situ study on atmospheric corrosion under adsorbed thin electrolyte layer. ► Study on the effect of relative humidity on corrosion of copper film. ► Study on the ...effect of Cl
− ion concentration on corrosion of copper film.
The effects of Cl
− ion concentration and relative humidity on atmospheric corrosion behaviour of PCB-Cu under adsorbed thin electrolyte layer were investigated by cathodic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Results indicated that the cathodic process of PCB-Cu corrosion was dominated by the reduction of oxygen and corrosion products. The cathodic current density increased with increasing relative humidity and Cl
− ion concentration. The corrosion rate was initially dominated by oxygen reduction, but at the later stage of corrosion, the anodic process began to affect the corrosion rate due to the accumulation of corrosion products.
The ionospheric effects in repeat-pass SAR interferometry (InSAR) have become a rising concern with the increasing interest in low-frequency SAR. The ionosphere will introduce serious phase errors in ...the interferogram, which should be properly corrected. In this paper, the influence of the wavenumber shift on the Range Split-Spectrum (RSS) method is analyzed quantitatively. It is shown that the split-spectrum processing deteriorates the coherence of the sub-band interferogram and then greatly reduces the estimation accuracy. The RSS method combined with common band filtering (CBF) can improve the coherence of sub-band interferograms and estimation accuracy, but the estimation is biased due to the RSS model mismatch. To address the problem, a modified truncated singular value decomposition (MTSVD) based multi-sub-band RSS method is proposed in this paper. The proposed method divides the range common spectrum into multiple sub-bands to jointly estimate the ionospheric phase. The performance of the proposed method is analyzed and validated based on simulation experiments. The results show that the proposed method has stronger robustness and higher accuracy.
Background
Although several key molecules have been identified to modulate SARS-CoV-2 invasion of human host cells, the molecules correlated with outcomes in COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection ...remain insufficiently explored.
Methods
This study analyzed three RNA-Seq gene expression profiling datasets for COVID-19 and identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between COVID-19 patients and normal people, commonly in the three datasets. Furthermore, this study explored the correlation between the expression of these genes and clinical features in COVID-19 patients.
Results
This analysis identified 13 genes significantly upregulated in COVID-19 patients’ leukocyte and SARS-CoV-2-infected nasopharyngeal tissue compared to normal tissue. These genes included
OAS1
,
OAS2
,
OAS3
,
OASL
,
HERC6
,
SERPING1
,
IFI6
,
IFI44
,
IFI44L
,
CMPK2
,
RSAD2
,
EPSTI1
, and
CXCL10
, all of which are involved in antiviral immune regulation. We found that these genes’ downregulation was associated with worse clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients, such as intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilatory support (MVS) requirement, elevated D-dimer levels, and increased viral loads. Furthermore, this analysis identified two COVID-19 clusters based on the expression profiles of the 13 genes, termed COV-C1 and COV-C2. Compared with COV-C1, COV-C2 more highly expressed the 13 genes, had stronger antiviral immune responses, were younger, and displayed more favorable clinical outcomes.
Conclusions
A strong antiviral immune response is essential in reducing severity of COVID-19.
•The lunar regolith parameters in Chang'E-3 landing area are firstly extracted from CE-3 lunar penetrating radar data.•The thickness of lunar surface regolith in Chang'E-3 landing area is calculated ...with much higher accuracy.•The lunar regolith parameters are not uniform even in a small area; the meteorite impacts might be a vital reason to influence the thickness and growth rate of lunar regolith.
Chang'E-3 (CE-3) landed in the northwest Mare Imbrium, a region that has not been explored before. Yutu rover that released by CE-3 lander carried the first lunar surface penetrating radar (LPR) for exploring lunar regolith thickness and subsurface shallow geological structures. In this paper, based on the LPR data and the Panoramic Camera (PC) data, we first calculate the lunar surface regolith parameters in CE-3 landing area including its permittivity, density, conductivity and FeO+TiO2 content. LPR data provides a higher spatial resolution and more accuracy for the lunar regolith parameters comparing to other remote sensing techniques, such as orbit radar sounder and microwave sensing or earth-based powerful radar. We also derived the regolith thickness and its weathered rate with much better accuracy in the landing area. The results indicate that the regolith growth rate is much faster than previous estimation, the regolith parameters are not uniform even in such a small study area and the thickness and growth rate of lunar regolith here are different from other areas in Mare Imbrium. We infer that the main reason should be geological deformation that caused by multiple impacts of meteorites in different sizes.
In the present work, a two-layer hydroxyapatite (HA)/Cu-doped TiO2 composite coating was prepared via one-step micro-arc oxidation in an aqueous electrolyte containing calcium acetate, sodium ...di-hydrogen phosphate and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid cupric disodium (CuNa2-EDTA) at a constant current density of 100 mA/cm2. After micro-arc oxidation for 20 min, Cu species incorporate into the TiO2 as CuO and Cu2O, resulting in the formation of Cu-doped TiO2-based coating. In addition, spherical-shaped HA phase of nanometre scale is also present on the Cu-doped TiO2-based coating. With HA phase boosting osseointegration and Cu species killing pathogenic microbes, a bi-functional coating fabricated by one-step micro-arc oxidation is of promising potential application in the bio-medical field.
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