Objective The AIS is pathology with multifactorial origin. It affects between 1 – 3% of the population aged 10 – 16 years. Many authors suggest orthostatic postural control disorders in AIS. The ...orthostatic postural control is the ability to organize the standing posture on the earth-vertical. The longitudinal body axis, the trunk and the spinal axis are oriented in an internal representation of the gravitational vertical. Our hypothesis is that AIS is the consequence of a re-organization of orthostatic postural control, on an erroneous internal representation of earth-vertical. Our objective is to show a disturbance of the sense of verticality in the AIS, by measuring the Subjective Visual Vertical (SVV) in AIS, particularly in dynamic visual condition. Methods Prospective study: a group of adolescents with AIS versus a control group of non-scoliotic adolescents. The test is a measure of the SVV (Synapsis), standing posture, in static and dynamic visual conditions (visual disturbance by optokinetic stimulation 40°/sec). Six measures are evaluated. Norms for static condition–2.5° to +2.5°, and for dynamic condition–4 to +4°. Results Preliminary results on 35 scoliotic adolescents (Group S: 31 girls, 14.2 ± 1.74 years, angle: 38.4 ± 15.7°), versus 5 non-scoliotic adolescents (Group C: 5 girls, 14.9 ± 1.14 years). Group S: static VVS = 1.59 ± 1.45°; dynamic VVS = 4.7 ± 8.27°. 57.1% with a least 1 pathological value, 28.5% with a least 2 pathological values, particularly in dynamic visual condition (clockwise rotation with right tilt of the VVS, average 12.39°). Group C: static VVS = 0.72 ± 0.5°; dynamic VVS = 2.17 ± 1.5°. No subject control with pathological value. Discussion This preliminary study shows a disturbance in the vertical evaluation in the AIS. One possible explanation is a disturbance of the sense of verticality by impaired multisensory central integration. The authors are grateful to the Harps Association's members, for their helpful comments.
Background and ImportanceTargeting the tumour microenvironment recently gained interest in oncology, as evidenced by the use of fibroblasts activation protein inhibitors (FAPI) for cancer-associated ...fibroblasts imaging. Among these derivatives, FAPI-04 radiolabeled with gallium-68 emerged as a promising PET diagnostic agent. To date, 68Ga Ga-FAPI-04 is considered an experimental radiopharmaceutical, with a tedious and intricate radiolabeling process. Thus, the development of a single-vial cold kit (SVCK) formulation of FAPI-04 to simplify the preparation of 68Ga Ga-FAPI-04 would be of particular interest.Aim and ObjectivesVarious parameters involved in the formulation of FAPI-04 as a SVCK were investigated. Then, optimal conditions for successful radiolabeling of 68Ga Ga-FAPI-04 were identified.Material and MethodsKit vials were conditioned to contain several bulk agents (five tested), buffers (six tested), anti-radiolysis compound (three tested) and FAPI-04. Mixtures were solubilised in water for injection and then lyophilised. The influence of each component on the radiolabeling process was studied, as well as the amount of vector (30, 45 or 60 µg). 68Ga GaCl3 was eluted from a GalliAD® generator directly into the kit vials, subsequently heated for 10 minutes at 97°C. Radiochemical purity (RCP) of each reaction was assessed by radio-TLC and radio- HPLC. The pH was checked by pH strips during the kit’s conditioning and after each reaction, aiming at an optimal value of 3.4 (ideal for 68Ga radiolabeling).ResultsMannitol (50 mg) was the bulk agent with the best appearance after freeze-drying and was retained in subsequent assays. As expected, the pH of the reaction medium was critical to the success of radiolabeling. HEPES buffer 0.3 M pH 4 allowed RCP of 83.3% by TLC and 78.9% by HPLC, compared with extremely poor results obtained with the five other buffers. Anti-radiolysis agents showed a moderate improvement in RCP (~10% increase with ascorbic acid) which persisted over a period of 4 hours, confirming radiocomplex stability. Using 45 µg FAPI-04 instead of 30 µg in the reaction slightly increased RCP (>96% in TLC, >91% in HPLC).Conclusion and RelevanceThe importance of carefully selecting the ingredients of a radiopharmaceutical SVCK was demonstrated, resulting in excellent RCP values for 68Ga Ga-FAPI-04. A terminal purification step would remove HEPES buffer to comply with European Pharmacopoeia requirements.References and/or AcknowledgementsConflict of InterestNo conflict of interest.
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