Urodynamic model was developed which, in conjunction with a compartmental pharmacokinetic model, was used for study of factors influencing drug concentrations in urine: urine flow rate, residual ...bladder urine, maximal bladder urine, stage of renal failure, and elimination kinetics of drugs. Norfloxacin (NOR) was used as a model drug, although the model haw general applicability for all urinary antiseptics. Pharmacokinetic data were obtained from a clinical study in which norfloxacin was administered orally as a single 400mg dose to four subjects with installed urine catheters. Sample of blood, bladder and catheter urine were collected and concentrations of NOR measured by a HPCL method. Modeling was performed on analog--hybrid computer EAI 580. Besides the fitting of model response to obtained in vivo data, simulations of expected clinical situations were performed in which the interplay of above mentioned factors was studied in terms of urine concentrations profiles. NOR treatment with 400mg b.i.d. secured sufficient urine concentrations in most studied cases. This approach should be applied for corresponding study of other urinary antiseptics, especially those with less favourable urinary levels.
Renal transplantation has become an acceptable mode of therapy for patients with end-stage renal failure since the early 1960s. Retrospective study was done to analyze clinical results od 126 ...patients who received either living related or cadaveric kidney. The cumulative graft survival rate was 90% one year and 80% four years after living related kidney transplantation. The corresponding patient survival rate was 96% one year and 94% four years after transplantation. There were no significant differences in graft and patient survival regarding mode of immunosuppressive therapy. In cadaveric kidney transplantation graft survival after one year was 78% and patient survival ranged at 98%. Our results are comparable to those of other centers and we think renal transplantation is adequate therapy for most patients with end-stage renal disease.
Aerosol black carbon is a unique primary tracer for combustion emissions. It affects the optical properties of the atmosphere and is recognized as the second most important anthropogenic forcing ...agent for climate change. It is the primary tracer for adverse health effects caused by air pollution. For the accurate determination of mass equivalent black carbon concentrations in the air and for source apportionment of the concentrations, optical measurements by filter-based absorption photometers must take into account the "filter loading effect". We present a new real-time loading effect compensation algorithm based on a two parallel spot measurement of optical absorption. This algorithm has been incorporated into the new Aethalometer model AE33. Intercomparison studies show excellent reproducibility of the AE33 measurements and very good agreement with post-processed data obtained using earlier Aethalometer models and other filter-based absorption photometers. The real-time loading effect compensation algorithm provides the high-quality data necessary for real-time source apportionment and for determination of the temporal variation of the compensation parameter k.
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