The critical edges in complex networks are extraordinary edges which play more significant role than other edges on the structure and function of networks. The research on identifying critical edges ...in complex networks has attracted much attention because of its theoretical significance as well as wide range of applications. Considering the topological structure of networks and the ability to disseminate information, an edge ranking algorithm BCC
based on cliques and paths in networks is proposed in this report. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated by SIR model, susceptibility index S and the size of giant component σ and compared with well-known existing metrics such as Jaccard coefficient, Bridgeness index, Betweenness centrality and Reachability index in nine real networks. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms these well-known methods in identifying critical edges both in network connectivity and spreading dynamic.
Globally, rotavirus is a leading cause of severe acute gastroenteritis among children aged under 5 years and has a significant economic cost. Currently, rotavirus vaccines are only included in the ...private market in China. This study aimed to assess the cost-benefit of including a three-dose rotavirus vaccine in China’s National Immunization Program (NIP).
A decision tree Markov model was constructed to evaluate the cost-benefit of universal immunization with three doses of rotavirus vaccine for a 2019 birth cohort of Chinese children. Costs of the universal vaccination program included vaccine price, vaccine wastage, vaccine administration, and indirect costs. All costs were discounted at 3 % per year and converted from 2019 Chinese Yuan to 2019 USD using the 2019 exchange rate.
For the 2019 birth cohort of Chinese infants, inclusion of RotaTeq in NIP was estimated to prevent 5,677,911 cases of rotavirus infection, with net savings of $1.1 billion in total societal costs. A cost of $17.55 per vaccine dose was the threshold at which inclusion of rotavirus vaccine in NIP would be cost-saving.
Introducing rotavirus vaccine into the China NIP would have significant costs from a societal perspective at the current private market price.
Abstract
Many state-of-the-art researches focus on predicting infection scale or threshold in infectious diseases or rumor and give the vaccination strategies correspondingly. In these works, most of ...them assume that the infection probability and initially infected individuals are known at the very beginning. Generally, infectious diseases or rumor has been spreading for some time when it is noticed. How to predict which individuals will be infected in the future only by knowing the current snapshot becomes a key issue in infectious diseases or rumor control. In this report, a prediction model based on snapshot is presented to predict the potentially infected individuals in the future, not just the macro scale of infection. Experimental results on synthetic and real networks demonstrate that the infected individuals predicted by the model have good consistency with the actual infected ones based on simulations.
Epidemiological studies have shown that plasma HDL‐C levels are closely related to the risk of prostate cancer, breast cancer, and other malignancies. As one of the key carriers of cholesterol ...regulation, high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) plays an important role in tumorigenesis and cancer development through anti‐inflammation, antioxidation, immune‐modulation, and mediating cholesterol transportation in cancer cells and noncancer cells. In addition, the occurrence and progression of cancer are closely related to the alteration of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Cancer cells synthesize and secrete a variety of cytokines and other factors to promote the reprogramming of surrounding cells and shape the microenvironment suitable for cancer survival. By analyzing the effect of HDL on the infiltrating immune cells in the TME, as well as the relationship between HDL and tumor‐associated angiogenesis, it is suggested that a moderate increase in the level of HDL in vivo with consequent improvement of the function of HDL in the TME and induction of intracellular cholesterol efflux may be a promising strategy for cancer therapy.
The tumor microenvironment (TME) compose of tumor cells, nontumor cells, and extracellular matrix (ECM). HDL may play roles in cancer development by acting with both tumor and nontumor cells. In the submitted paper, we summarized clinical observations and carefully dissected possible mechanisms based on experimental data obtained in levels from cellular, organ, and genetically engineered animal models. A moderate increase in the level of HDL in vivo with consequent improvement of the function of HDL in the TME and induction of intracellular cholesterol efflux may be a promising strategy for cancer therapy.
To understand host–pathogen interactions and develop effective prevention and control strategies for human adenovirus (HAdV), it is essential to explore the characteristics of HAdV shedding. ...Hospitalized children <14 years who had severe HAdV pneumonia were tested for HAdV DNA by quantitative real‐time PCR in nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA). A total of 132 children were enrolled, including 102 patients with HAdV type 7 (HAdV‐7) infection and 12 patients with HAdV type 3 (HAdV‐3) infection. A total of 1372 qualified NPA samples were collected. There was a significant negative correlation between the viral load of HAdV and the course of the disease (Spearman r = −0.547, p = .000). HAdV‐7 load decreased at a rate of 0.089 log10 copies/mL per day (95% CI: −0.096 to −0.081; R
2 = 0.332), and the duration of viral shedding was predicted to be 96.9 days (y = 8.624–0.089x). However, HAdV‐3 load decreased more quickly (95% CI: – 0.229 to – 0.143; R
2 = 0.403), and the duration of viral shedding was 51.4 days (y = 9.558‐0.186x). The median viral load of the HAdV‐7 group at weeks 2 and 3, and more than 3 weeks postinfection was higher than that of the HAdV‐3 group. No significant differences in the duration of viral shedding were found in different gender, age (>2 vs. ≤2 years), and with or without underlying diseases groups. Viral shedding in children with severe HAdV pneumonia persisted, among which HAdV‐7 lasted longer than 3 months and the viral load decreased slowly than HAdV‐3.
Among the various treatments, induction of synoviocyte apoptosis by natural products during a rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathological condition can be considered to have vast potential. However, it is ...unclear that liquiritin, a kind of natural flavonoid extracted from the roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, induced the apoptosis of the synovial membrane and its molecular mechanism. In this study, interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-RA-FLS cells were incubated with different concentrations of liquiritin. An MTT assay, Hoechst 33342 staining, JC-1 staining, and Western blot were used to check the viability, cell apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential changes, and the expression of related proteins, respectively. In vivo, a TUNEL assay and HE staining of tissue were used for histopathological evaluation. Our results showed that liquiritin significantly inhibited the proliferation of IL-1β-induced-RA-FLS, promoted nuclear DNA fragmentation, and changed the mitochondrial membrane potential to accelerate cell apoptosis. Liquiritin downregulated the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax and inhibited the VEGF expression and phosphorylation of JNK and P38. Moreover, liquiritin improved the clinical score of rheumatism, inflammatory infiltration, and angiogenesis and induced apoptosis of the synovial tissue in vivo. Hence, liquiritin ameliorates RA by reducing inflammation, blocking MAPK signaling, and restraining angiogenesis.
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) enter peripheral blood from primary tumors and seed metastases. The genome sequencing of CTCs could offer noninvasive prognosis or even diagnosis, but has been hampered ...by low single-cell genome coverage of scarce CTCs. Here, we report the use of the recently developed multiple annealing and looping-based amplification cycles for whole-genome amplification of single CTCs from lung cancer patients. We observed characteristic cancer-associated single-nucleotide variations and insertions/deletions in exomes of CTCs. These mutations provided information needed for individualized therapy, such as drug resistance and phenotypic transition, but were heterogeneous from cell to cell. In contrast, every CTC from an individual patient, regardless of the cancer subtypes, exhibited reproducible copy number variation (CNV) patterns, similar to those of the metastatic tumor of the same patient. Interestingly, different patients with the same lung cancer adenocarcinoma (ADC) shared similar CNV patterns in their CTCs. Even more interestingly, patients of small-cell lung cancer have CNV patterns distinctly different from those of ADC patients. Our finding suggests that CNVs at certain genomic loci are selected for the metastasis of cancer. The reproducibility of cancer-specific CNVs offers potential for CTC-based cancer diagnostics.
This article presents the design and analysis of dual-band implantable antennas based on effective relative permittivity calculation. First, the effective relative permittivity for a microstrip ...antenna inside lossy tissue is analyzed, helping establish the basis for the design of our proposed dual-band implantable antenna. The antenna operates in 1.4 GHz Wireless Medical Telemetry Service (WMTS) band and 2.45 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band under proper feeding scheme. The lower band with quarter-wavelength resonance is realized by introducing two shorting pins to orthogonal strips. As a disturbance between two arc-shaped tails with open end is introduced, it can achieve circular polarization (CP) radiation property. Meanwhile, the higher band with half-wavelength resonance is realized through the path connecting two asymmetric open-end tails, so as to achieve linear polarization (LP) radiation property. As such, a wide CP bandwidth of 10.38% in WMTS band and a wide impedance bandwidth of 21.3% in ISM band are achieved and in final verified in experiment.
The genus bocavirus includes bovine parvovirus (BPV), minute virus of canines (MVC), and a group of human bocaviruses (HBoV1-4). Using sequence-independent single primer amplification (SISPA), a ...novel bocavirus group was discovered with high prevalence (12.59%) in piglet stool samples. Two nearly full-length genome sequences were obtained, which were approximately 5,100 nucleotides in length. Multiple alignments revealed that they share 28.7-56.8% DNA sequence identity with other members of Parvovirinae. Phylogenetic analyses indicated their closest neighbors were members of the genus bocavirus. The new viruses had a putative non-structural NP1 protein, which was unique to bocaviruses. They were provisionally named porcine bocavirus 1 and 2 (PBoV1, PBoV2). PBoV1 and PBoV2 shared 94.2% nucleotide identity in NS1 gene sequence, suggesting that they represented two different bocavirus species. Two additional samples (6V, 7V) were amplified for 2,407 bp and 2,434 bp products, respectively, including a partial NP1 gene and the complete VP1 gene; Phylogenetic analysis indicated that 6Vand 7V grouped with PBoV1 and PBoV2 in the genus of bocavirus, but were in the separate clusters. Like other parvoviruses, PBoV1, PBoV2, 6Vand 7V also contained a putative secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)) motif in the VP1 unique region, with a conserved HDXXY motif in the catalytic center. The conserved motif YXGXF of the Ca(2+)-binding loop of sPLA2 identified in human bocavirus was also found in porcine bocavirus, which differs from the YXGXG motif carried by most other parvoviruses. The observation of PBoV and potentially other new bocavirus genus members may aid in molecular and functional characterization of the genus bocavirus.
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