Nerve injury-induced protein (Ninjurin)-1 is a cell adhesion molecule that is upregulated in neurons and Schwann cells after transection injury in rats. In this study, we investigated the ...localization of Ninjurin-1 in various tissues, including the cerebrum, sciatic nerve, spleen, lung, stomach, ileum, colon, liver, pancreas, kidney, testis, and skin in C57BL/6 mice, using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Western blot analysis showed that Ninjurin-1 was differentially expressed among organs. Ninjurin-1 was abundant in skin and ileum, weakly expressed in cerebrum, and moderately expressed in the other organs studied. Immunohistochemical analysis largely confirmed the results of the western blot analysis with often localization of Ninjurin-1 in the regions with abundant connective tissues. In addition, Ninjurin-1 was differentially expressed in various cell types in the tissues under the investigation. These findings suggest that Ninjurin-1 may play organ-specific roles in development and homeostasis of many organs.
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a T-cell-mediated autoimmune central nervous system disease characterized by inflammation with oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to ...evaluate an anti-inflammatory effect of
on EAE-induced paralysis in rats. An ethanolic extract of
significantly delayed the first onset and reduced the duration and severity of hind-limb paralysis. The neuropathological and immunohistochemical findings in the spinal cord were in agreement with these clinical results. T-cell proliferation assay revealed that the ethyl-acetate fraction of
suppressed the proliferation of myelin basic protein reactive T cells from EAE affected rats. Flow cytometric analysis showed TCRαβ
T cells was significantly reduced in the spleen of EAE rats with
treatment with concurrent decrease of inflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor-α and cyclooxygenase-2. Collectively, it is postulated that
ameliorates EAE paralysis with suppression of T-cell proliferation as well as decrease of pro-inflammatory mediators as far as rat EAE is concerned.
As one of the wide‐ranging form of chronic liver disease, there are only limited therapeutic options for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We evaluated whether fermented black radish ...(Raphanus sativus L. var. niger; FBR) ameliorates lipid accumulation, inflammation, and hepatic fibrosis, which are characteristics of the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Fermented black radish treatment reduced lipid accumulation in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes, which appeared to be associated with the downregulation of adipogenic transcription factors, including sterol regulatory element‐binding protein 1c, CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein α, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ, and lipid accumulation‐related genes including adipocyte protein‐2 and fatty acid synthase. Administration of FBR to C57BL/6J mice challenged with methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet significantly attenuated the increased serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and triglyceride. In addition, treatment with FBR interestingly repressed the hepatic inflammation induced with MCD diet, by lowering the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and suppressing the inactivation of macrophages and Kupffer cells in the liver. Fermented black radish was also shown to mitigate liver fibrosis through the inhibition of alpha‐smooth muscle actin, transforming growth factor beta‐1, and collagen type I alpha 1 chain. Our results indicate that FBR ameliorates NAFLD and its related metabolic disease by regulating multiple pathways, suggesting that FBR may be an effective dietary supplement for ameliorating NAFLD.
Fermented black radish to C57BL/6J mice fed a MCD diet significantly attenuated the increased serum levels. Fermented black radish treatment dramatically suppressed MCD diet‐induced hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis
Olfactory dysfunction occurs in multiple sclerosis in humans, as well as in an animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The aim of this study was to analyze differentially ...expressed genes (DEGs) in olfactory bulb of EAE-affected mice by next generation sequencing, with a particular focus on changes in olfaction-related signals. EAE was induced in C57BL/6 mice following immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and adjuvant. Inflammatory lesions were identified in the olfactory bulbs as well as in the spinal cord of immunized mice. Analysis of DEGs in the olfactory bulb of EAE-affected mice revealed that 44 genes were upregulated (and which were primarily related to inflammatory mediators), while 519 genes were downregulated; among the latter, olfactory marker protein and stomatin-like 3, which have been linked to olfactory signal transduction, were significantly downregulated (log2 fold change >1 and p-value <0.05). These findings suggest that inflammation in the olfactory bulb of EAE-affected mice is associated with the downregulation of some olfactory signal transduction genes, particularly olfactory marker protein and stomatin-like 3, which may lead to olfactory dysfunction in an animal model of human multiple sclerosis.
•Hesperidin ameliorated SCI-induced hindlimb paralysis in rats.•Hesperidin regulated pro-inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress.•Hesperidin enhanced bilirubin and Fe2+ in the serum of SCI ...rats.•Hesperidin activated Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway in the SCI lesions.
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with inflammation with concurrent oxidative stress and glial activation. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether hesperidin, a representative flavonoid in citrus fruits, ameliorates SCI-induced motor dysfunction and neuro-pathologic degeneration in rat model. Rats received hesperidin (100 mg/kg body weight/daily, oral administration) from 7 days prior to SCI to 7 days post SCI. Behavioral test was done on rats with SCI until 6 weeks. For the study of inflammatory molecules in SCI rats with hesperidin treatment, rats were sacrificed at day 4 post SCI, and spinal cords were collected and studied histopathologically. Behavioral tests on hind-limbs of rats with SCI revealed that treatment of hesperidin in rats with SCI significantly ameliorate the hind-limb paralysis beginning at day 21 post SCI. Hesperidin treatment in rats with SCI reduced the neuropathological changes (e.g., hemorrhage, inflammatory cell infiltration, and tissue loss) and pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrotic factor-α and interleukin-1β. In addition, oxidative stress related molecules including superoxide dismutase, catalase, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 and heme oxygenase-1 were also increased by hesperidin treatment. Furthermore, Fe2+, bilirubin and p38 mitogen activated protein kinase, these by-product of heme catabolism in serum and spinal cord of rats with hesperidin-treatment groups were significantly increased compared with those of vehicle-treatment group. Collectively, this study implies that hesperidin accelerates recovery of locomotor function and tissue repair of damaged spinal cord, with concurrent upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 as far as rat SCI model is concerned.
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and studies have shown higher mortality rates and premature death in South Asian countries. The occurrence and effect of ...risk factors differ by type ofACS.Epidemiological studies in the Sri Lankan population are limited.
This is a cross sectional descriptive study conducted at the Teaching Hospital Peradeniya, Sri Lanka among patients presenting with ACS. Data was collected by an interviewer administered structured questionnaire and epidemiological patterns and risk factors were analyzed.
The sample of 300 patients had a mean age of 61.3+/- 12.6 and male sex showed higher association with all three type of ACS compared to female with a P value of 0.001. This study showed higher mean age of 62.2 ± 11.4 years amongst unstable angina (UA) patients and 61.9 ± 14.5 years amongst non ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) patients compared to 59.2 ± 11.2 years for ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients with no significant statistical difference (P = 0.246). Approximately 55.8% STEMI patients, 39.8% UA and 35.5% NSTEMI patients were smokers indicating a significant association between smoking and STEMI (P = 0.017). Nearly 54.5% STEMI, 35.4% UA and 32.7% NSTEMI patients consumed alcohol and there was a very strong association between alcohol consumption and STEMI (P = 0.006). Almost 51.8% NSTEMI patients, 47.8% UA patients and 29.9% STEMI patients had hypertension(HT) (P = 0.008) indicating significant association of HT with UA and NSTEMI. About 33.6% UA patients and 30.0% NSTEMI patients had DM whilst only 22.1% of STEMI patients had DM of no significance (p = 0.225). Around 15.0% patients with UA, 25.5% with NSTEMI and 11.7% with STEMI had dyslipidemia (P = 0.032). There was a very strong association between a past history of ACS or stable angina with NSTEMI and UA (P = 0.001).
Smoking and alcohol abuse are significantly associated with STEMI.Patients with NSTEMI or Unstable Angina had higher rates of hypertension and were more likely to have a history of ACS or stable angina than STEMI patients. Patients with NSTEMI were more likely than patients with STEMI or UA to have dyslipidemia.
Advanced life support (ALS) and cardio pulmonary resuscitation, provided at the right time is essential for improving mortality in medical emergencies. Accurate knowledge and skills on this regard, ...in all medical personals is an essential part of medical education and it should be up to date with varying protocols. The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge and attitudes among the undergraduate medical students and medical officers in the Teaching Hospital Peradeniya and provide suggestions to improve the training programme on ALS.
A standardized self-administered questionnaire regarding knowledge and attitudes on ALS was filled by 4th and final year medical students, and medical officers, and the data was analyzed.
There were 411 eligible candidates and of them 130 (31.6 %) were 4th year medical students, 221 (53.8 %) were final year medical students and 60 (14.6 %) were medical officers. Of the medical officers, only 15.8 % indicated that the internship training was adequate to handle an emergency confidently. Approximately 45 % of the medical officers and 34.6 % of the final year medical students were confident of saving lives with their current ALS knowledge. However, only 22 % of 4th year medical students were confident in saving the life of a patient.
Overall, just over 10 % of participants demonstrated inadequate ALS knowledge scores. A significantly higher proportion of final year medical students had good knowledge, compared to medical officers and 4th year students. Only one-third of participants were confident in saving a life with their current ALS knowledge. Nearly all participants thought that the ALS course should be reevaluated frequently.
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