The Benefits of Screening Mammography De Jesus, Charles; Moseley, Tanya W.; Diaz, Valentina ...
Current breast cancer reports,
06/2023, Letnik:
15, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Purpose of Review
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. Early detection through screening mammography has been proven to reduce mortality, morbidity, and years of life lost. ...The purpose of this review is to discuss the benefits of screening mammography and the latest recommendations from the American College of Radiology (ACR).
Recent Findings
Approximately 300,000 new cases of breast cancer are diagnosed in the USA yearly. Screening mammography has allowed for early cancer detection with increasing efficacy leading to 500 prevented deaths for every 100,000 women screened and a 5-year survival rate of 91%.
Summary
Mammography screening promotes the earlier detection of breast cancer, hence minimizing mortality, years of life lost, and treatment morbidity associated with advanced breast cancer at the time of diagnosis.
Supplemental Screening for Breast Cancer De Jesus, Charles; Moseley, Tanya W.; Diaz, Valentina ...
Current breast cancer reports,
06/2023, Letnik:
15, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Purpose of Review
Increased breast density, among other calculated risk factors, decreases the sensitivity of screening mammography. Several supplementary imaging modalities including breast ...ultrasound, breast MRI, contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM), and molecular breast imaging (MBI) can be used in addition to screening mammograms to increase the sensitivity of cancer detection in above-average-risk women and will be discussed here.
Recent Findings
Ultrasound is the most widely used and accessible supplementary screening method that improves the cancer detection rate. MRI, the most sensitive supplemental breast imaging modality, is used to detect and visualize additional cancers in those with a lifetime risk of breast cancer at or greater than 20%. Small studies indicate that CEM has cancer detection rates equivalent to MRI; nevertheless, more evidence is needed to demonstrate its use. MBI has shown promise to be an adjunct to mammography for patients with dense breasts and for situations in which breast MRI is contraindicated
.
Despite this promising research, the American College of Radiology currently does not recommend the use of MBI for screening.
Summary
In women who have a higher-than-average risk of developing breast cancer, additional imaging modalities, such as breast ultrasound, breast magnetic resonance imaging, contrast-enhanced mammography, and molecular breast imaging, can be used in conjunction with screening mammograms to increase the sensitivity of cancer detection.
Purpose of Review
To discuss how advanced breast imaging modalities can supplement standard breast imaging with mammography, ultrasound, and MRI.
Recent Findings
For the last 40–50 years, the primary ...breast cancer screening examination has been mammography which has undergone many changes from xeromammography, film-screen analog, to digital mammography techniques. Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) and contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) are the most recent advances to digital mammography. Molecular breast imaging (MBI) and positron emission mammography (PEM) are nuclear medicine breast examinations that utilize mammographic positioning and are useful supplements to standard breast imaging examination.
Summary
Advances in mammographic techniques have improved the sensitivity and specificity of mammography in detecting breast cancer, demonstrating the extent of disease, and evaluating the response to systemic treatments. Understanding how advanced mammographic techniques fit in with other available breast imaging examinations helps ensure optimal evaluation to help guide treatment decisions.
Background
Several coronavirus vaccine have been fast-tracked to halt the pandemic, the usage of immune adjuvants that can boost immunological memory has come up to the surface. This is particularly ...of importance in view of the rates of failure of seroconversion and re-infection after COVID-19 infection, which could make the vaccine role and response debatable. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have an established immune-modulatory role, but their effects as adjuvants to vaccination have not been explored to date.
Main body of the abstract
It is increasingly recognized that PPAR agonists can upregulate the levels of anti-apoptotic factors such as MCL-1. Such effect can improve the results of vaccination by enhancing the longevity of long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs). The interaction between PPAR agonists and the immune system does not halt here, as T cell memory is also stimulated through enhanced T regulatory cells, antagonizing PD-L1 and switching the metabolism of T cells to fatty acid oxidation, which has a remarkable effect on the persistence of T memory cells. What is even of a more significant value is the effect of PPAR gamma on ensuring a profound secretion of antibodies upon re-exposure to the offending antigen through upregulating lipoxin B4, therefore potentially assisting the vaccine response and deterring re-infection.
Short conclusion
In view of the above, we suggest the use of PPAR as adjuvants to vaccines in general especially the emerging COVID-19 vaccine due to their role in enhancing immunologic memory through DNA-dependent mechanisms.
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