Autori razmatraju pitanja pravnog položaja žene u srednjovjekovnom Hvarskom statutu iz 1331. u usporedbi s nekim dalmatinskim (Bračkim i Korčulanskim) i kvarnerskim (Vinodolski zakon, Cresko-osorski ...statut) statutima. Pri tome propituju u čemu su rješenja statutarnog prava sukladna općim tendencijama, a u čemu su njegove eventualne specifičnosti u statusnom, obiteljskom, imovinskom, kaznenom i postupovnom pravu. Analizom notarskih zapisa i arhivske građe utvrđuje se u kojoj mjeri su se statutarne odredbe primjenjivale u svakodnevnom životu. U odredbama Hvarskoga statuta vidljivo je prožimanje dviju osnovnih pravnih kultura: slavenske i rimske, ali i utjecaji kanonskog te mletačkog pravnog sustava. Ovo prožimanje, uz uvažavanje specifičnosti same Komune, povezuje Hvarski statut s drugim statutima i europskim prostorom te korijenima pravnih sustava suvremenih europskih integracija.
Die Autoren betrachten einige Fragen zur rechtlichen Stellung von Frauen im mittelalterlichen Statut von Hvar aus dem Jahre 1331 im Vergleich zu den sonstigen Statuten aus Dalmatien (insbesondere denen von Brač und Korčula) sowie der Kvarner-Region (Gesetzbuch von Vinodol, Cres-Osor). Dabei überdenken sie, inwieweit die Lösungen des gesetzten Rechts mit den Haupttendenzen übereinstimmen und worin seine allfälligen Besonderheiten bezüglich des Statuts-, Familien-, Vermögens-, Straf- und Prozessrechts liegen. Eine Analyse notarieller Aufzeichnungen und Archivmaterials weist darauf hin, in welchem Maße die gesetzten Bestimmungen im alltäglichen Leben Anwendung fanden. Aus den gesetzten Bestimmungen des Statuts von Hvar geht die aufmunternde Durchsetzung zweier grundlegender Rechtskulturen hervor: der slawischen und der römischen, ist jedoch auch der Einfluss sowohl des kanonischen als auch venezianischen Rechtssystems erkennbar. Diese Durchsetzung verbindet das Statut von Hvar, unter Berücksichtigung der Besonderheiten der Kommune an sich, sowohl mit anderen Statuten als auch mit dem europäischen Raum und den Wurzeln der Rechtssysteme moderner europäischer Integration.
Some issues of the legal position of women in the medieval Hvar Statute of 1331 compared to other Dalmatian statutes (especially Brač and Korčula) and Kvarner (Vinodol Law, Cres-Osor) are considered. Thereby, the aspects of the solutions of statutory law that are in line with the main tendencies are reflected on, as are possible specifics in terms of status, family, property, criminal and procedural law. Analysis of notarial records and archival material indicates the extent to which the statutory provisions were applied in everyday life. The statutory provisions of the Hvar Statute show a beneficial interpenetration of two basic legal cultures: Slavic and Roman, but also the influences of the canonical and Venetian legal systems. This interpenetration, while respecting the specifics of the Commune itself, connects the Hvar Statute with other statutes and also with Europe and the roots of the legal systems of modern European integration.
The right to regulate the monetary system represents one of the immanent features of state sovereignty. A central bank is an institution that is usually given the authority to conduct a country’s ...monetary policy. Slovenia entered the European Union in 2004, the Bank of Slovenia became part of the Eurosystem, and its governor a member of the Governing Council of the ECB that decides on the monetary policy of the euro area. At the moment, Croatia is about to enter the European Union. Both countries were parts of the former socialist Yugoslavia (SFRY) and so have not come a long way on their own. However, their experiences with an independent central bank cannot be neglected. Therefore, it is useful to explore how central banking was organised in the past: before SFRY, in SFRY, and after gaining independence.
Autorice analiziraju neka pitanja pravnog položaja žene po odredbama srednjovjekovnog Skradinskog statuta, ukazujući na rješenja drugih dalmatinskih pravnih sustava, posebno splitskog, trogirskog, ...zadarskog i šibenskog, što je nužno zbog nedorečenosti statutarne materije. U uvodnom dijelu navode se vrela skradinskog srednjovjekovnog prava, a u središnjem su dijelu obrađena neka pitanja pravnog položaja žene u statusnom, obiteljskom, imovinskom, procesnom i kaznenom pravu. Pravni položaj žene prema statutarnim odredbama Skradinskog statuta upotpunjen je analizom malobrojnih sačuvanih notarskih zapisa. Statutarne odredbe predstavljaju normativnu stranu srednjovjekovnog pravnog sustava dok notarski zapisi daju cjelovitiji uvid u pravni položaj žene u srednjovjekovnom Skradinu.
The authors analyze some questions on the legal position of women in the medieval Statute of Skradin, pointing to solutions in other Dalmatian legal systems, notably in the statues of Split, Trogir, Zadar and Šibenik, which is necessary due to the ambiguity of statutory matter. Sources of Skradin's medieval law are cited in the introduction, while the rest of the article addresses the issues of the legal position of women in status, family, property, criminal and procedural law. The tendency of community authorities to prevent foreigners from gaining property and to prevent the division of family property by dowry were the fundamental causes for the inferior position of women in communal legal systems. Legal position of women in statutary regulations of the Statute of Skradin is further examined through an analysis of the few preserved notary records. Statutory regulations present the normative side of the medieval legal system, while notary records yield a more complete insight into the legal position of women in the medieval Skradin.
The right to regulate the monetary system represents one of the immanent features of state sovereignty. A central bank is an institution that is usually given the authority to conduct a country’s ...monetary policy. Slovenia entered the European Union in 2004, the Bank of Slovenia became part of the Eurosystem, and its governor a member of the Governing Council of the ECB that decides on the monetary policy of the euro area. At the moment, Croatia is about to enter the European Union. Both countries were parts of the former socialist Yugoslavia (SFRY) and so have not come a long way on their own. However, their experiences with an independent central bank cannot be neglected. Therefore, it is useful to explore how central banking was organised in the past: before SFRY, in SFRY, and after gaining independence.
Dvojna pravna priroda Westfalskog mira Erent-Sunko, Zrinka; Marelja, Miran; Topić, Marko
Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci,
2023, Letnik:
44, Številka:
2
Journal Article, Paper
Odprti dostop
Westfalski mir vratio je stabilnost Europi, okončavši Tridesetogodišnji rat (1618. - 1648.), koji se odvijao pretežno na području Svetog Rimskog Carstva te Nizozemski ustanak, poznat i kao ...Osamdesetogodišnji rat (1566. - 1648.) između Španjolske i Nizozemske. Nakon uvodnog razmatranja Westfalskoga kongresa, u radu se analiziraju najbitnije odredbe mirovnih ugovora koje im pridaju važnost ustavnopravnog akta Carstva, poput odredbi o vjerskim pitanjima, opće amnestije i prava zemalja Carstva. Na ove ustavnopravne odrednice nadovezuje se pitanje jamstva i zaštite izvršenja sadržanih prava i sloboda. Pritom se vanjske implikacije mirovnog ugovora zaokružuju raščlambom te kritikom koncepta westfalske suverenosti. Upravo će očuvanje krhke ravnoteže proizašle iz političke slabosti Carstva omogućiti razvoj novoga međunarodnog političkog (i pravnog) okvira u Europi.
The Peace of Westphalia restored stability to Europe, ending the Thirty Years’ War (1618 - 1648), which was fought mainly on the territory of the Holy Roman Empire, and ending the Dutch Revolt, also known as the Eighty Years’ War (1566 - 1648), between Spain and the Netherlands. After introductory remarks on the Congress of Westphalia, the paper analyses the most important provisions of the peace treaties that are given importance as constitutional legal acts of the Empire. This includes the requirements on religious issues, general amnesty, and the rights of the Empire’s countries. The paper connects the issue of incorporated rights and freedoms envisioned as constitutional guidelines with the external implications of the peace treaty. In this regard, the paper critically examines the viability of the “Westphalian sovereignty” concept. The post-war preservation of the Empire’s fragile internal balance, in turn, enabled the advancement of a new international political and legal framework in Europe.
Model SSSR-a primjer je dvojake pravne regulacije abortusa te model za istraživanje učinaka i posljedica kako legalizacije tako kriminalizacije. Naime, nakon Oktobarske revolucije 1920. vlasti ...RSFSR-a legalizirale su abortus. Legalizacija je bila dijelom rješavanja „ženskog pitanja“ i društvenog izjednačavanja žena i muškaraca, ali društvo s nagomilanim problemima i gladnim stanovništvom nije imalo ni dovoljno političke volje ni gospodarsku osnovu da to pitanje riješi. „Babki“ su i dalje izvodile ilegalne abortuse, posebice u provincijskim sredinama, udaljenim od velikih gradskih ovlaštenih zdravstvenih ustanova. Ipak, smrtnost žena je smanjena. Sa Staljinovom vlašću
i politikom koja je povećanjem nataliteta trebala osigurati radnu snagu te tako potaknuti industrijalizaciju abortus je 1936. zabranjen. Određene su kazne kako za one koji su izvodili abortuse tako za žene koje su od tada bile pod dvostrukim teretom – kao majke i kao „rabotnitse“. No, ponovna kriminalizacija zbog mnogih čimbenika nije donijela očekivane rezultate. Postupci za kaznena djela izvođenja abortusa vodili su se rjeđe od očekivanog, a kazne su se češće izricale
ženama nego onima koji su se radi zarade bavili izvođenjem ilegalnih abortusa. Nažalost, ni niz mjera kojima je država nastojala potaknuti veći natalitet, poput dječjih doplataka, plaćenih dječjih kampova i dr. beneficija nisu bile od koristi. Broj ilegalnih abortusa ostao je velik, unatoč blažem padu koji je uslijedio kratko vrijeme nakon zabrane. Rezultat nestručno izvedenih abortusa i abortusa izvedenih u nehigijenskim uvjetima bila je visoka stopa smrtnosti te teške
posljedice po zdravlje žena. Kriminalizacijom nije povećan natalitet, a stvarna negativna statistika, vezana za posljedice nestručno i u nehigijenskim uvjetima obavljenih abortusa, zbog prikrivanja negativnih učinaka ove političke odluke vjerojatno se nikada neće znati. Ova je praksa trajala sve do Staljinove smrti nakon koje su 1955. abortusi ponovno legalizirani. Uz određena ograničenja, tako je ostalo sve do raspada ove komunističke velesile.
Istražujući i analizirajući zakonike germanskih plemena, tzv. leges barbarorum, od kojih nam je zasigurno najpoznatiji Salijski zakonik ili Lex Salica, autor/ice zaključuju da su germanska plemena u ...kaznenopravnoj regulativi vezanoj za djela nasilja nad ženama pokazala začudnu energičnost. Barbarsku kaznenopravnu zaštitu treba sagledati u okolnostima i uvjetima življenja u srednjem vijeku te kroz načela i vrijednosti različite od onih na kojima počivaju suvremeni pravni sustavi. Leges barbarorum sadrže određenu klasifikaciju kaznenih djela nasilja nad ženama te prema težini kaznenog djela određuju kaznu koja može biti manja novčana, ali i vrlo teška poput oduzimanja cijele imovine, fizičkog kažnjavanja u javnosti i gubljenja pravnog statusa. Posebno se kažnjavaju ubojstva trudnica kao i prikrivanja i poricanja kaznenih djela. Svrha kazne bila je u prvom redu namiriti štetu žrtvi koja je često u slučaju seksualnog zlostavljanja bila ne samo traumatizirana već i stigmatizirana. Ostaje pitanje koliko su germanska plemena, tzv. „barbari“ u stvarnosti poštovali svoje zakone.
Through the exploration and analyse of German tribal codes, so called leges barbarorum, and among them the most known is The Salic Code (Lex Salica), authors concludes that German tribes showed astonishing vigour in the criminal law regulation concerned to acts of violence against women. Barbarian criminal law protection should be observed inside of circumstances and life conditions in The Middle Ages as well as principles and values different from those ones creates bases of modern legal systems. Leges barbarorum contains classification of the criminal acts against women and determines sanctions according to the heaviness of criminal act that can be minimal fine, but very severe too, as confiscation of entire property, public physical punishment and deprivation of legal status. Homicides of pregnant women are specifically sanctioned as well as hiding and denying of criminal acts. The purpose of sanction was primarily to indemnify victim who was, in the case of sexual abuse, often not only traumatised but stigmatised too. Question remains whether Germanic tribes, so called “barbarians”, respected their own laws.
The paper explores the scope of family law regulations in France after 1789, outlining the novelties of the 1972 law regulating marriage and the family, and analysing the text of the Code Civil, ...adopted in 1804, when the spirit of the Revolution had become diluted to the extent that natural rights were interpreted in accordance with the need to preserve the social order. In comparing these two laws one often forgets about the social conditions and a series of other factors affecting family relations and the position of women. One can thus gain the impression that the 1792 law is progressive, and that the scope of the Code Civil in this area is merely a return to the former situation, which makes for a poor basis for the development of women's rights. The truth lies in the middle, especially when taken into account that it is impossible to make an assessment of the impact on the development of the so-called "women's rights" in a comprehensive manner, but only by studying individual institutes and considering how they are placed in the context of the society which continues to undergo constant changes of government until the Third Republic. Adapted from the source document.
Kažnjavanje prosjačenja i skitnje relikt je prijašnjih, nedemokratskih pravnih sustava te je neprihvatljivo sa stajališta suvremene demokratske i socijalne ustavne države. Stoga valja izvući pouke iz ...povijesnoga engleskog iskustva iz razdoblja tzv. siromaškog prava prije negoli se pristupi razmatranju sankcioniranja prosjaka i skitnica u suvremenome hrvatskom pravnom poretku. Ustavni koncept socijalne države i načelo socijalne pravde postavljaju pozitivni zahtjev zakonodavcu na osiguranje minimuma egzistencije siromašnih osoba potrebnog za ostvarenje ljudskog dostojanstva te negativnu obvezu suzdržavanja od sankcioniranja siromašnih. U tom kontekstu neprihvatljivo je kažnjavanje prosjačenja i skitnje u suvremenome hrvatskom pravnom poretku. Jednako je neprihvatljivo oduzimanje prosjačenjem stečene imovinske koristi. S aspekta ustavne vrednote nepovredivosti vlasništva i ustavnog jamstva prava vlasništva ne bi smjelo biti mjesta oduzimanju stvari / gotova novca stečenih na osnovi darovanja prosjaka. Stoga se u radu postavlja teza o nužnosti napuštanja kažnjavanja prosjačenja i skitnje kao relikta socijalističkog, ali i prijašnjih nedemokratskih razdoblja.
Punishing beggars and vagabonds is a relic of previous, nondemocratic legal systems and it is unacceptable from the perspective of a modern democratic and social constitutional state. Therefore, before considering the sanctioning of beggars and vagabonds in the contemporary Croatian legal system, it is necessary to draw lessons from the historical English experience of the “Poor Law” period. The constitutional concept of the welfare state and the principle of social justice place a positive demand on the legislator to ensure the minimum subsistence to poor people necessary for the realization of human dignity, and the negative obligation to refrain from sanctioning the poor. In this context, it is unacceptable to punish beggary and vagrancy in the modern Croatian legal order. The confiscation of property acquired by beggary is equally unacceptable. From the aspect of the constitutional value of the inviolability of property and the constitutional guarantee of ownership, there should be no place for confiscation of things/cash acquired by donation to the beggar. Therefore, this paper advocates the need to abandon punishing beggary and vagrancy as a relic of the earlier undemocratic communist period.
sredstva mogla biti utrošena za
javne potrebe. Dio sredstava potjecao je od poreznih davanja, ali atenski polis
nije imao opću poreznu obvezu, a postojeći su porezi manje donosili u njezinu
blagajnu ...od davanja koja su bila dobrovoljna, povremena i često izdašna. Suvremena
poreznog platca to može zbuniti do te mjere da najvažnijemu ratnom prinosu
„eisphori“ te liturgijama pripiše svojstva poreza. Čini to većina autora, no
smatramo da za to nema potrebe. Upravo suprotno, to što „eisphora“ i liturgije
nisu porezi, od posebna je značenja za pravu sliku atenskog društva i
demokraciju u kojoj oni kojima je polis najviše omogućio podnose teret i za one
kojima to polis ili nije omogućio ili nisu bili za to predodređeni po svojim
sposobnostima.
The state treasury of
Athens was filled in various ways and with various means so that the collected
funds could be spent for public needs. Some of the funds came from taxes, but
the Athenian polis did not have a general tax liability, and the existing taxes
brought less to its treasury than voluntary, occasional, and often generous donations.
This may be so confusing to the modern tax payer that he could mistakenly
attribute the tax status to the
most important war contribution of "eisphora". In this respect we
disagree with most authors on the subject. The fact that "eisphora" and the liturgies are not taxes is a
matter of special importance for the true image of the Athenian society and
democracy in which those who profited most from the polis carried the burden for those who profited
less due to unfavourable circumstances or their own inadequate abilities.
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