Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is used in the brewing industry as a source of compounds responsible for the bitterness, aroma, and preservative properties of beer. In this study, we used microsatellite ...markers to investigate genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of wild hop populations sampled in the northwestern part of Croatia. Analysis of 12 microsatellite loci revealed high diversity and weak population differentiation among wild hop populations. A total of 152 alleles were determined with an average of 12.67 alleles per locus. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.689 to 0.839 (average 0.767) and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.725 to 0.789 (average 0.760). A total of 38 private alleles were detected. The data suggest that H. lupulus populations are not affected by recent bottlenecks. The degree of genetic differentiation among populations was low and not significant for most pairwise FST values, except for the pair of geographically most distant populations. The results did not indicate the existence of genetic structure among the sampled populations. The high genetic diversity and low differentiation among populations, combined with the absence of isolation by distance, indicate the existence of substantial gene flow among wild hop populations. Therefore, extensive sampling per population is clearly required to assess the genetic diversity of hop populations. Sampling strategies involving sampling across a large number of localities represented by only a few samples could lead to erroneous conclusions.
...their quality depends on genetic properties, environmental conditions, and cultural practices. ...this research aimed to determine the antioxidant capacity and content of constituents in the ...essential oil of lavender and lavandin grown in the environmental conditions of central Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). Keywords: lavender, lavandin, antioxidant capacity, essential oil, GC-MS INTRODUCTION Since ancient times, people have been fascinated with medicinal and herbal plants because of their beneficial effects on human health. ...the cultivation of these species as therapeutic and aromatic herbs has increased significantly over the past few years (Kivrak, 2018). Many studies in the literature study the composition of essential oils and the antioxidant capacity of lavender, but there are no studies in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). ...this research aimed to determine the antioxidant capacity and content of essential oil constituents of lavender and lavandin grown in the environmental conditions of central Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). Furthermore, our results indicate that the highest antioxidant capacity was found in lavender than lavandin. ...this suggests that the antioxidant capacity significantly depends on the cultivars.
Hren (Armoracia rusticana Ph. Garten) je višegodišnja povrtna kultura iz porodice kupusnjača (Brassicaceae). Korijen hrena sadrži visoku razinu vitamina C, minerale (kalij, magnezij, kalcij, fosfor, ...željezo), glukozinolate, glikozide, glukonasturcin, singrin, asparagin, glutamin, oksidaze i peroksidaze. Uzgaja se zbog zadebljanog podanka (rizoma), a jednogodišnji izdanci podanka koriste se za reprodukciju. U istraživanju provedenom na ekološkom gospodarstvu u okolici Varaždina korištena je autohtona čuvana sorta Ludbreški hren. Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj organo mineralnih gnojiva dozvoljenih za primjenu u ekološkoj proizvodnji na prinos i sadržaj minerala u podanku hrena. Pokus je postavljen po slučajnom bloknom rasporedu u četiri repeticije i sljedećim varijantama gnojidbe sa organo mineralnim gnojivima dobrog biostimulativnog učinka (Biotech NPK 3:10:5 S+2 MgO u kombinaciji s Grena Biosprint Calcio NPK 9:1:1; Grena Biobase NPK 3:8:8; Grena life NPK 4:6:10 S+2 MgO). Promatrajući sve dobivene rezultate uglavnom je utvrđen pozitivan učinak organo mineralnih gnojiva na istraživane parametre.
Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon of synthesizing and excreting compounds that can affect the growth of various organisms, i.e., plant species. The aim of this work was to investigate the ...possible allelopathic influence of aqueous extracts, obtained from plant species chia (Salvia hispanica L.), black cumin (Nigella sativa L.), wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.), and nettle (Urtica dioica L.), on the seed germination growth and morphometric characteristics of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings in laboratory conditions. Pepper, spinach, and lettuce seedlings were treated with aqueous extracts of chia, nettle, wormwood, and black cumin of different concentrations (2.5, 5 and 10%, respectively). The aqueous extracts were prepared according to the method developed by Norsworthy and the qualitative and quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds in aqueous extracts were performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Phytochemical composition of chia aqueous extracts showed the highest content (above the 1 mg L−1) of epicatechin, quinic acid, caffeic acid, esculetin and cinnamic acid in the comparison with others from the total of 19 detected chemical compounds. In aqueous extracts of black cumin, there were six compounds detected in content above 1 mg L−1, i.e., epicatechin, quinic acid, caffeic acid, esculetin, cinnamic acid, and kaempferol. The same compounds were the most abundant in wormwood extracts, along with gallic acid. Epicatechin and esculetin were only two compounds detected in aqueous extract of nettle in concentration higher than 1 mg L−1. According to the results of this study, only the treatment of spinach seeds with chia aqueous extract in concentration of 2.5% before germination stimulates the germination of spinach seeds, and wormwood herbs and chia extracts in concentrations of 2.5 and 5% stimulate the germination of lettuce seeds and the growth of hypocotyl and radicle length of developed seedlings. The treatment of pepper and lettuce seeds with aqueous extract of nettle in concentration of 10% completely inhibited seed germination.
Lettuce production in the winter on the Adriatic coast, especially in a non-heated plastic tunnel, requires longer cultivation and is characterised by lower head mass and yield. In these conditions, ...the effect of biostimulant Bio-algeen S-90 and fertilizer Megagreen on the production of the traditional winter lettuce cultivar ‘Four Seasons’ was tested. Both treatments showed a positive effect on the growth and total yield of winter lettuce, and decreased the share of non-marketable yield. Bio-algeen S-90 treatment increased the plant height by 61.5%, and foliar treatment with Megagreen by 60.9%, as compared to the control treatment. Equally, both treatments resulted in higher leaf numbers (47.7% for Bio-algeen S-90 and 37.2% for Megagreen). The head mass of lettuce treated with Bio-algeen S-90 and Megagreen was 30.3% and 25.0% higher than in the control treatment, respectively. Megagreen contributed more to chlorophyll and carotenoid content, while Bio-algeen S-90 elevated the amount of vitamin C and dry matter. The pH value of lettuce juice decreased after Bio-algeen S-90, while the mineral content (N, P and K) did not differ between the tested treatments. Lower nitrate content was detected after both treatments. The obtained results elucidate the effect of Bio-algeen S-90 and Megagreen on “low input” lettuce production.
Carob tree (
L.) is a perennial leguminous evergreen tree native to the coastal regions of the Mediterranean basin and is considered to be an important component of vegetation for economic and ...environmental reasons. Two constituents of the pod, pulp and seeds, can be used as feed or in food production. In this study, drying characteristics, texture and microstructure of carob pods were studied. Three different carob samples were prepared: whole carob pod, carob pod parts and carob seed. The drying experiments and the modelling showed that carob seeds had the highest drying rate, followed by pod parts and the whole, intact carob fruit. Texture studies showed that the maximum compression force depended on the area of the carob fruit on which compression tests were performed. The seeds showed the highest compression force, followed by the stem zone, the tip and the centre of the fruit. Differences in drying behaviour and texture of carob pods can successfully be interpreted by the micromorphology of the carob pods and seeds. Determining the drying rate, maximum compressive force and micromorphological traits is of great importance for further carob processing (
milling, sieving, carob bean gum production or usage in food or feed products).
Sweet violet (Viola odorata L.) blooms in continental climate conditions in early spring (March-April) with delicate flowers of attractive scent because of which it is frequently gathered from its ...natural habitats. Differences among the populations were established according to their morphological properties of twelve populations from Križevci area. Stated information indicates that the populations gathered from meadow – habitat are shorter and have a smaller diameter than the populations gathered from the habitat in forest, whereas the population from the orchards has the highest number of leaves and flowers. Correlation analysis shows strong (P<0.01) positive connection of the root mass, leaves mass, number of leaves with the total mass of the plants, as well as connection of the plant mass with the number of flowers. Chemical analysis established agrochemical soil properties and nutrient concentrations in plants. Correlations between the examined properties of violets and soil properties indicate that the potassium concentration in the roots is in strong (P <0.01) correlation with potassium in the soil, whereas phosphorus concentration in flower is in a considerably strong (P<0.05) positive correlation with the phosphorus in the soil.
Mirisna ljubičica (Viola odorata L.) cvate u proljeće nježnim cvjetovima privlačnog mirisa zbog kojih se često sakuplja s prirodnih staništa. Premda se vrsta odlikuje sitnim cvjetovima od davnina se ...proizvodi za rez, a zbog neodoljivog mirisa i rane cvatnje uobičajena je vrsta tradicijskih vrtova. Primjena mirisne ljubičice kao lončanice, premda vani uobičajena, kod nas još nema tradiciju. Cijela je biljka jestiva i ljekovita tako da postoje brojne mogućnosti njezine primjene u prehrambene, farmaceutske i kozmetičke svrhe. Osim vriježama, biljka se razmnožava i sjemenom. U proizvodnji je biljkama potrebno pružiti uvjete što sličnije onima kakve imaju na prirodnom staništu. Cilj je ovog rada predstaviti moguću tehnologiju proizvodnje mirisne ljubičice.
Mirisna ljubičica (Viola odorata L.) cvate u rano proljeće u uvjetima
kontinentalne klime. Često se sakuplja s prirodnih staništa na kojima su biljke nakon toga devastirane i nepovratno uništene. U ...ukrasnoj hortikulturi koristi se za rez i sadnju u vrtove. Cilj istraživanja je odrediti utjecaj supstrata, gnojidbe i njihove interakcije na morfometrijska svojstva biljaka. Istraživanje je provedeno na komercijalnom supstratu na bazi treseta i tlu s prirodnog staništa te četiri varijante gnojidbe. Rezultati pokazuju da su biljke mirisne ljubičice na tlu sa staništa pokazale veću otpornost i manje oscilacije morfometrijskih svojstava (visina, promjer i broj listova) kroz čitavo vegetativno razdoblje u odnosu na komercijalni supstrat na bazi treseta. Kod komercijalnog supstrata utvrđen je veći broj cvjetova, ujednačenija boja listova i cvjetova što ga čini dobrim za komercijalni uzgoj. Utvrđeno je da su promjer, visina i broj listova biljaka veći sa primjenom veće doze gnojiva kod oba supstrata.
Svrha ovog istraživanja je odabrati najpovoljniji supstrat, optimalnu dozu gnojiva i termin prihrane da se jedna autohtona vrsta s prirodnog staništa promovira i učini interesantnom u komercijalnom pogledu.
Maslačak (Taraxacum officinale L.) je livadna biljka koja raste i cvate od ranog proljeća do kasne jeseni. Cijela biljka je jestiva i ljekovita (bogata vitaminom C i mineralima: kalijem, željezom, ...natrijem i fosforom, kao i eteričnim uljima i masnim kiselinama) pa se zbog toga često sakuplja s prirodnih staništa. Mladi listovi se beru prije nego maslačak počne cvjetati, a koriste se za pripremu salate. Cvjetovi se koriste za pripremu meda ili slatkog, dok se korijenje vadi u jesen, a koristi se, zbog visokog sadržaja inulina, kao zamjena za kavu, a dobro djeluje i na peristaltiku crijeva. Kako nutritivna vrijednost biljke ovisi o agroklimatskim uvjetima u kojima raste, ali i o količini pristupačnih hraniva u tlu, željeli smo utvrditi hoće li ovi čimbenici utjecati i na kemijski sastav lista samoniklog maslačka.
U tu svrhu uzeti su uzorci na četiri križevačke i dvije riječke lokacije i utvrđena agrokemijska svojstva tla i koncentracije hraniva u biljkama. Na temelju deskriptivnih statističkih pokazatelja vidljivo je da su kemijska svojstva tla vrlo varijabilna. Pri tome je najvarija-bilnije svojstvo fiziološki pristupačan fosfor (CV=159,92 %), a najmanje reakcija tla (CV=5,91 %). Koncentracije osnovnih biogenih elemenata (N, P i K) u listu, kao i vitamina C, imaju nizak koeficijent varijabilnosti. Korelacije između ispitivanih kemijskih svojstava maslačka i svojstava tla pokazuju da je koncentracija dušika i fosfora u značajnoj negativnoj korelacijskoj vezi s dušikom u tlu, a u pozitivnoj s fosforom, dok je koncentracija vitamina C u značajnoj negativnoj korelacijskoj vezi s koncentracijom fosfora.
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