Synacinn is a standardized polyherbal extract formulated for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications. This study aims to assess the mutagenicity potential of Synacinn by Ames assay ...and in vivo bone marrow micronucleus (MN) test on Sprague Dawley rat. Human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) assay and Functional Observation Battery (FOB) were done for the safety pharmacology tests. In the Ames assay, Dose Range Finding (DRF) study and mutagenicity assays (+/- S9) were carried out. For the MN test, a preliminary and definitive study were conducted. In-life observations and number of immature and mature erythrocytes in the bone marrow cells were recorded. The hERG assay was conducted to determine the inhibitory effect on hERG potassium channel current expressed in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293). FOB tests were performed orally (250, 750, and 2000 mg/kg) on Sprague Dawley rats. Synacinn is non-mutagenic against all tested strains of Salmonella typhimurium and did not induce any clastogenicity in the rat bone marrow. Synacinn also did not produce any significant inhibition (p ≤ 0.05) on hERG potassium current. Synacinn did not cause any neurobehavioural changes in rats up to 2000 mg/kg. Thus, no mutagenicity, cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity effects of Synacinn were observed in this study.
The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is an illusion of the self-ownership of a rubber hand that is touched synchronously with one's own hand. While the RHI relates to visual and tactile integration, we can ...also consider a similar illusion with visual and motor integration on a fake hand. We call this a "robot hand illusion" (RoHI), which relates to both the senses of ownership and agency. Here we investigate the effect of delayed visual feedback on the RoHI. Participants viewed a virtual computer graphic hand controlled by their hand movement recorded using a data glove device. We inserted delays of various lengths between the participant's hand and the virtual hand movements (90-590 ms), and the RoHI effects for each delay condition were systematically tested using a questionnaire. The results showed that the participants felt significantly greater RoHI effects with temporal discrepancies of less than 190 ms compared with longer temporal discrepancies, both in the senses of ownership and agency. Additionally, participants felt significant, but weaker, RoHI effects with temporal discrepancies of 290-490 ms in the sense of agency, but not in the sense of ownership. The participants did not feel a RoHI with temporal discrepancies of 590 ms in either the senses of agency or ownership. Our results suggest that a time window of less than 200 ms is critical for multi-sensory integration processes constituting self-body image.
Abstract Background Inguinal hernia remains one of the most common surgical disorders in children. Almost all pediatric hernias are indirect. The incidence of pediatric inguinal hernia is highest ...during the first year of life and then gradually decreases thereafter. The incidence of contralateral occurrence of an inguinal hernia after unilateral herniorrhaphy has been reported as 5.6 to 22%. The management of the contralateral inguinal hernia in a child with unilateral CIH has been always debated. Routine contralateral exploration of the inguinal canal has been practiced by many surgeons. Routine contralateral exploration may be associated with a high incidence of negative exploration and lengthening of the operative time in addition to possible increasing morbidity in those patients. Aim of the Work This study aims to evaluate the role of preoperative assessment by ultrasonography in predicting contralateral inguinal hernia in children with unilateral inguinal hernia without clinical evidence of contralateral inguinal hernia. Patients and Methods Fifty infants and children presented to pediatric surgery clinic at Ain Shams University and Nasr City Health Insurance Hospitals aged 1 month till 12 years of age complaining of unilateral inguinal hernia without clinical evidence of contralateral inguinal hernia underwent preoperative US. Results Cases with a width of the contralateral side >3.5 mm at the level of the internal ring determined using the US are likely to be at high risk of developing a contralateral hernia with a sensitivity of 80.0%, specificity of 77.5%, and area under the curve (AUC) of 78.4%. Conclusion Ultrasonography is a rapid, sensitive, convenient, and non-invasive method for screening patients with contralateral occult CIH. It is a reliable tool for preventing unnecessary exploration or additional operations at a later stage. It can be performed in all cases of inguinal hernia to determine the necessity for contralateral exploration. Children having a width of contralateral side >3.5 mm at the level of the internal ring determined using the US are likely to be at high risk of developing a contralateral hernia with a sensitivity of 80.0%, specificity of 77.5%, and area under the curve (AUC) of 78.4%.Therefore, we recommend routine preoperative use of ultrasonography for all patients with unilateral CIH to determine which patient should be subjected to a contralateral exploration.
The robot hand illusion (RoHI) is the perception of self-ownership and self-agency of a virtual (robot) hand that moves consistently with one's own. The phenomenon shows that self-attribution can be ...established via temporal integration of visual and movement information. Our previous study showed that participants felt significantly greater RoHI (sense of self-ownership and sense of self-agency) when visuomotor temporal discrepancies were less than 200 ms. A weaker RoHI effect (sense of self-agency only) was observed when temporal discrepancies were between 300 and 500 ms. Here, we used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to investigate brain activity associated with the RoHI under different visual feedback delays (100 ms, 400 ms, 700 ms). We found that the angular and supramarginal gyri exhibited significant activation in the 100-ms feedback condition. ANOVA indicated a significant difference between the 100-ms condition and the other conditions (p < 0.01). These results demonstrate that activity in the posterior parietal cortex was modulated by the delay between the motor command and the visual feedback of the virtual hand movements. Thus, we propose that the inferior parietal cortex is essential for integrating motor and visual information to distinguish one's own body from others.
Philosophizing by philosophers is logical, independent, systematic, radical, and universal thinking on anything. Researchers have long been interested in investigating Islamic Philosophy, as a branch ...of science that develops later and commonly known as one rooted from Greece. This paper then aims at investigating the extent Islamic Philosophy interconnects with Greek Philosophy as well as their differences. Methods employed at this research are identifying Qur’an verses on Philosophy, and enriching them to reviews of related literature. Important findings are Islamic Philosophy is mainly derived from Qur’an values, its interconnectedness with Greek Philosophy does not mean it is integrated, and apart from different views on Philosophy, arguments where Qur’an reveals values of Philosophy is highlighted.
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