Previous studies have suggested that gestational weight gain (GWG) outside an optimal range increases the risks of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) in offspring including autism spectrum disorder ...(ASD), intellectual disability (ID), and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The sequential development of the fetal brain suggests that its vulnerability may vary depending on the timing of exposure. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the associations of not only gestational age-standardized total GWG (GWG z-scores) but also the rate of GWG (RGWG) in the second and third trimesters with risks of NDDs in offspring.
In this population-based cohort study, we used maternal weight data from antenatal care records collected for 57,822 children born to 53,516 mothers between 2007 and 2010 in the Stockholm Youth Cohort. Children were followed from 2 years of age to December 31, 2016. GWG z-scores and RGWG (kg/week) in the second and third trimesters were considered as continuous variables in cox regression models, clustered on maternal identification numbers. Nonlinear relationships were accommodated using restricted cubic splines with 3 knots. RGWG were also categorized according to the 2009 US Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines for optimal GWG. According to the IOM guidelines, the optimal rate of GWG for the second and third trimesters for underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese categories were 0.44-0.58, 0.35-0.50, 0.23-0.33, and 0.17-0.27 kg/week, respectively.
During a mean follow-up of 5.4 years (until children were on average 7.4 years old), 2205 (3.8%) children were diagnosed with NDDs, of which 1119 (1.9%) received a diagnosis of ASD, 1353 (2.3%) ADHD, and 270 (0.5%) ID. We observed a J-shaped association between total GWG z-score and offspring risk of NDDs, with higher total GWG (GWG z-score = 2) associated with 19% increased risk of any NDD (95% CI = 3-37%) and lower total GWG (GWG z-score = - 2) associated with 12% increased risk of any NDDs (95% CI = 2-23%), compared to the reference (GWG z-score = 0). In the second trimester, lower RGWG (0.25 kg/week) was associated with a 9% increased risk of any NDD diagnosis (95% CI = 4-15%) compared to the median of 0.57 kg/week, with no apparent relationship between higher RGWG and risk of NDDs. In the third trimester, there was no apparent association between lower RGWG and risk of NDDs, though higher RGWG (1 kg/week) was associated with a 28% increased risk of NDD diagnosis (95% CI = 16-40%), compared to the median (0.51 kg/week). When considering categorized RGWG, we found that slow weight gain in the second trimester followed by rapid weight gain in the third trimester most significantly increased the risk of ADHD (HR
= 1.55, 1.13-2.13) and ID (HR
= 2.53, 1.15-5.55) in offspring. The main limitations of our study are the relatively few years for which detailed GWG data were available and the relatively short follow-up for the outcomes, limiting power to detect associations and misclassifying children who receive an NDD diagnosis later in childhood.
The relationship between maternal weight gain and children's risk of NDDs varied according to timing in pregnancy, with the greatest risks associated with slow weight gain in the second trimester and rapid weight gain in the third trimester.
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This study focuses on the influence of the resultant force caused by the density difference of the two phases on the droplet generation process in a step-emulsification microfluidic ...device. Three-dimensional visualization is used to observe the characteristics of droplet generation. According to the difference in droplet generation form, it can be divided into drip generation mode and suspended generation mode. In the suspended generation mode, the droplets are more inclined to the formation process of the expansion of the ellipsoid, whose size in the horizontal direction is larger than the vertical direction; while in the drip generation mode, the shape of the droplet is opposite. The control stage of the droplet generation under various operating conditions is determined. As the viscosity of the dispersed phase increases, the control stage of the suspended generation mode is the necking stage, and the control stage of the drip generation mode changes from the first stage of three-dimensional expansion to the necking stage. The model of the droplet generation is proposed by combining mechanical analysis and experimental testing data, and the droplet size prediction formula is thereby obtained.
Based on the raw material of ammonium tetramolybdate in the experiment, molybdenum trioxide was prepared by hydrothermal synthesis, and the effects of different pH, hydrothermal reaction time, ...filling degree, and calcination temperature on molybdenum trioxide powder were studied. Meanwhile, the molybdenum trioxide powder was characterized through scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermal analysis differential scanning calorimetry analysis so as to study the morphology and phase changes during the experiment. As is evident from the research findings, MoO
powders with uniform and suitable size, smooth and clear surface, good dispersibility, and no adhesion can be obtained at the conditions of pH = 1, 16 h hydrothermal reaction, 90% of filling degree, and 550°C of calcination temperature. In the calcination process, MoO
crystal undergone crystal transformation and was completely transformed from h-MoO
to α-MoO
at the calcination temperature of 350°C.
Numerous studies have reported a strong inverse association between BMI and physical activity in western populations. Recently, the association between BMI and physical activity has been considered ...bidirectional. This study aimed to examine the associations of body mass index (BMI) with physical activity and sedentary behavior and to explore whether those associations were modified by socio-demographic characteristics.
We conducted a multistage random sampling survey in three districts of Hangzhou, China, in 2012. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire long form was used to collect data regarding physical activity and sedentary behavior. A multilevel mixed-effects regression model was used to assess the associations of BMI with physical activity and sedentary behavior.
A total of 1362 eligible people (624 men and 738 women, ages 23-59 years) completed the survey. People who are young or middle-aged and have the highest education level are the most inactive. Significant differences in the associations between physical activity and BMI across socio-demographic groups were identified (sex*BMI, P=0.018; age*BMI, P<0.001; education level*BMI, P=0.030). Women or individuals older than 50 had a higher level of physical activity with increasing BMI. There was no statistically significant association between BMI and sedentary behavior (P=0.450).
The associations between BMI and physical activity were modified by sex, age, and education level in Hangzhou, China.
In observational studies, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) has been associated with an increased risk of hypertension, and vice versa; however, the causality between these conditions remains to be ...determined.
This population-based prospective cohort study sought to investigate the bidirectional causal relations of T2D with hypertension, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) using Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis.
After exclusion of participants free of a history of heart failure, cardiovascular disease, cardiac procedures, and non-T2D diabetes mellitus, a total of 318 664 unrelated individuals with qualified genotyping data of European descent aged 37 to 73 from UK Biobank were included. The genetically instrumented T2D and hypertension were constructed using 134 and 233 single nucleotide polymorphisms, respectively. Seven complementary MR methods were applied, including inverse-variance weighted method, 2 median-based methods (simple and weighted), MR-Egger, MR-robust adjusted profile scores, MR-Pleiotropy Residual Sum and Outlier, and multivariate MR. The genetically instrumented T2D was associated with risk of hypertension (odds ratio, 1.07 95% CI, 1.04-1.10, P=3.4×10
), whereas the genetically determined hypertension showed no relationship with T2D (odds ratio, 0.96 0.88-1.04, P=0.34). Our MR estimates from T2D to BP showed that the genetically instrumented T2D was associated with a 0.67 mm Hg higher systolic BP (95% CI, 0.41-0.93, P=5.75×10
) but not with a higher diastolic BP. There was no clear evidence showing a causal effect of elevated systolic BP or diastolic BP on T2D risk. Positive pleiotropic bias was indicated in the hypertension→T2D relation (odds ratio, of MR-Egger intercept 1.010 1.004-1.016, P=0.001) but not from T2D to hypertension (1.001 0.998-1.004, P=0.556).
T2D may causally affect hypertension, whereas the relationship from hypertension to T2D is unlikely to be causal. These findings suggest the importance of keeping an optimal glycemic profile in general populations, and BP screening and monitoring, especially systolic BP, in patients with T2D.
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•The three-dimensional characteristics of bubble formation in step emulsification microdevices were observed.•The influence mechanism of bubble swarm in cavity is revealed.•A ...semi-empirical law for predicting bubble volume with more variables is proposed.
This study focuses on the generation of bubbles in a step-emulsification microdevice via a two-angle photography method. It's found that the bubble generation mechanism is controlled by the interfacial tension, below a critical capillary number; while controlled by viscous force, inertial force and the disturbance induced by the bubble swarm, above the critical capillary number. From the two-angle photography method, a model is established for predicting the bubble size, by taking into account of the dynamic contact angle between gas-liquid interface and wall, and the hydrodynamic feedback of the cavity on bubble formation via the quantification of resistance by the volume fraction of gas in the cavity.
ObjectiveThe application of bowel movement frequency (BMF) in primary care is limited by the lack of solid evidence about the associations of BMF with health outcomes apart from Parkinson’s disease ...and colorectal cancer. We examined the prospective associations of BMF with major vascular and non-vascular diseases outside the digestive system.DesignPopulation-based prospective cohort study.SettingThe China Kadoorie Biobank in which participants from 10 geographically diverse areas across China were enrolled between 2004 and 2008.Participants487 198 participants aged 30 to 79 years without cancer, heart disease or stroke at baseline were included and followed up for a median of 10 years. The usual BMF was self-reported once at baseline.Primary and secondary outcome measuresIncident events of predefined major vascular and non-vascular diseases.ResultsIn multivariable-adjusted analyses, participants having bowel movements ‘more than once a day’ had higher risks of ischaemic heart disease (IHD), heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease (CKD) when compared with the reference group (‘once a day’). The respective HRs (95% CIs) were 1.12 (1.09 to 1.16), 1.33 (1.22 to 1.46), 1.28 (1.22 to 1.36), 1.20 (1.15 to 1.26) and 1.15 (1.07 to 1.24). The lowest BMF (‘less than three times a week’) was also associated with higher risks of IHD, major coronary events, ischaemic stroke and CKD. The respective HRs were 1.07 (1.02 to 1.12), 1.22 (1.10 to 1.36), 1.11 (1.05 to 1.16) and 1.20 (1.07 to 1.35).ConclusionBMF was associated with future risks of multiple vascular and non-vascular diseases. The integration of BMF assessment and health counselling into primary care should be considered.
Abstract
Aims
To quantify the association of combined sleep behaviours and genetic susceptibility with the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD).
Methods and results
This study included 385 292 ...participants initially free of CVD from UK Biobank. We newly created a healthy sleep score according to five sleep factors and defined the low-risk groups as follows: early chronotype, sleep 7–8 h per day, never/rarely insomnia, no snoring, and no frequent excessive daytime sleepiness. Weighted genetic risk scores of coronary heart disease (CHD) or stroke were calculated. During a median of 8.5 years of follow-up, we documented 7280 incident CVD cases including 4667 CHD and 2650 stroke cases. Compared to those with a sleep score of 0–1, participants with a score of 5 had a 35% (19–48%), 34% (22–44%), and 34% (25–42%) reduced risk of CVD, CHD, and stroke, respectively. Nearly 10% of cardiovascular events in this cohort could be attributed to poor sleep pattern. Participants with poor sleep pattern and high genetic risk showed the highest risk of CHD and stroke.
Conclusion
In this large prospective study, a healthy sleep pattern was associated with reduced risks of CVD, CHD, and stroke among participants with low, intermediate, or high genetic risk.
To introduce standard methods of scoring the data derived from both short and long form instruments of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The introduction part consists of a ...set of domains which include the structure of questionnaire, principles of data cleaning, calculation methods and grouping rules. Through practical experience, a specific calculation process of IPAQ-long based on the standard methods was showed.
Purpose
Wine producers and marketing professionals increasingly recognize the significance of online wine reviews. Emotions have long been acknowledged as influential in online review behaviors. ...However, considering the multisensory nature of the wine experience, consumers’ wine expertise also plays a substantial role. Hence, this study aims to examine the online review behaviors exhibited by wine consumers through the dual lens of wine expertise and emotionality.
Design/methodology/approach
Two studies were conducted to address the research question. Study 1 explored the relationship among expertise, emotionality and review behaviors using a panel data model, with a data set consisting of 4,600,922 reviews from Vivino.com. Study 2 used a multigroup structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis using data obtained from an online survey. Study 2 aimed to investigate the interactive impact of emotionality and expertise on online review intention mediated by customer engagement.
Findings
The findings from Study 1 demonstrated a positive correlation between emotionality and online wine reviews. In addition, expertise displayed a bell-shaped relationship with both emotionality and online wine reviews. Study 2, in turn, uncovered that novices and experts experienced a direct influence of emotionality on their review intentions. In contrast, for those classified as ordinary, the influence of emotionality on review intention occurred indirectly through the mediation of customer engagement.
Originality/value
This paper extends the current literature on online wine review by integrating the effect of emotion and expertise on online wine review behaviors, expanding the examination of Dunning–Kruger effect in the wine literature. It also adds value by introducing emotionality and the Evaluative Lexicon into the hospitality literature, extending the measurement of emotion from valence and extremity to a third dimension, emotionality, in hospitality and wine domains.
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