Highly flexible, stretchable, and sensitive sensors have attracted much attention due to their wide range of potential applications in wearable electronics for monitoring human and robotic motions. ...Herein, we demonstrate the applicability of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbonyl iron powder (CIP)-incorporated polymeric composite as a multi-functional sensor. The fabrication details, electromechanical sensing performance capabilities, and the applicability of the proposed multi-functional sensor to, for instance, healthcare devices, vibration sensors, and magneto-meters, is reported. The fabricated sensor showed high flexibility (100%), good resistance change outcomes (160%), and repeatability (R2 > 0.98) during cyclic stretching tests, as well as excellent responses against different human motions. In addition, the responses of the fabricated sensor against three different vibrational frequencies and a magnetic field were also investigated to explore its applicability as a vibro-meter and a magneto-meter, respectively. The test results showed high resistance change and stability under each condition. Thus, it can be concluded that the CNTs and CIP-embedded multi-functional polymeric sensor is highly applicable for use in healthcare devices for monitoring human motions and in vibration sensors and magneto-meters.
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•A highly flexible and sensitive multi-functional polymeric sensor was designed.•Electromechanical sensing performances of the sensor were observed.•Sensor showed potential for healthcare devices, vibration sensor, and magneto-meter.
•Entropy generation on peristaltic flow is discussed.•Velocity and thermal slip conditions are employed.•Darcy resistance for Jeffrey fluid model is formulated.•Large wavelength and low Reynolds ...number assumptions are utilized.
The primary goal of present article is to analyze the entropy generation on peristaltic flow of Jeffrey material in a curved configuration. Velocity and thermal slip conditions are invoked. An incompressible fluid in a channel saturates the porous space. Modelling is based upon modified Darcy’s law for Jeffrey fluid. Large wavelength and low Reynolds number approximations are utilized. Exact solutions of the resulting system of differential equations with corresponding boundary conditions are computed. Further analysis is made for the pressure gradient, stream function, velocity of the fluid, temperature, entropy generation and Bejan number. It is found that entropy generation and Bejan number are more visible in the vicinity of the channel walls when compared at the channel center.
The energy demand is increasing exponentially on the global scale. To meet this demand, new alternative energy sources are explored, and geothermal energy makes one of the important renewable ...resources. Inherently, the north-eastern states of India have enormous geothermal potential; however, detailed studies evaluating their geothermal potential are quite limited. In view of this, the Garampani and Gelekipung thermal spring clusters of Karbi Anglong district, Assam (India), were evaluated for their geochemical characteristics and geothermal reservoir potential. Water samples from the thermal springs along with groundwater and river water from the surrounding areas were collected seasonally and investigated for various parameters. Thermal waters are NaCl type and show distinct physico-chemical characteristics, as compared to groundwater (Na-HCO
3
) and surface water (Ca-HCO
3
type). The chemistry of thermal water indicates long-term water–rock interactions with the basement rock and does not show an appreciable seasonal variability. The influence of thermal water on groundwater chemistry has been observed during the pre-monsoon season. However, in the post-monsoon season, the delayed monsoonal freshwater influxes seem to diminish any such effect on the groundwater chemistry. The placement of thermal waters in the mature water field of the anion variation diagram confirms their suitability for chemical geothermometry. Silica and cation geothermometry indicates that the geothermal reservoir temperature ranges between 76.3 and 105.8 °C. Thus a low-enthalpy geothermal system exists in the Garampani and Gelekipung thermal spring areas. The radiogenic heat production of the granitic basement rock of the study area was found to range between 2.49 and 8.14 μW/m
3
.
•An investigation is carried out regarding the peristaltic flow of hybrid nanofluids in rotating channel walls.•Nonlinear thermal radiation and variable viscosity are accounted in presence of slip ...effects.•Convective conditions of heat and mass transfer are satisfied by the channel walls.•Fluid is saturated due to the porous characteristics of channel walls.•Entropy generation rate is minimum for variable viscosity and maximum for hybrid nanoparticles.
In last few decades, a new class of working materials which comprises from two solid materials dispersed in a continuous phase liquid was established and deeply scrutinized. These materials are called hybrid nanomaterials. This research article aims to investigate entropy optimization in hybrid nanomaterial flow through a rotating peristaltic channel walls. Flow behavior is analyzed between the channels which is caused by propagation of sinusoidal waves. Viscosity of fluid is considered variable instead of constant characteristics. Fluid saturates through porous attributes of channel walls. Nonliear radiative flux and convective condition are considered. Slip conditions are imposed at the boundary of walls.
Built-in-Shooting technique is employed to obtain the numerical outcomes for the considered flow problem.
Impacts of sundry variables on the entropy, temperature and velocity are scrutinized through different graphs. Numerical result presents that the axial velocity escalates with the inclusion of hybrid nanomaterial. The temperature of fluid enhances through higher estimations of hybrid nanoparticles.
Here the flow behavior is discussed between the channels which are caused by propagation of sinusoidal waves with speed c. Entropy generation rate is minimum for variable viscosity and maximum for hybrid nanoparticles. Hybrid nanoparticles increase the temperature of fluid. Bejan number presents the similar impact for variable viscosity and thermal slip parameters. Temperature field decays through higher values of Brinkman number.
We have previously shown that PM10 exposure causes oxidative stress and reduces Nrf2 protein levels, and SKQ1 pre-treatment protects against this damage in human corneal epithelial cells (HCE-2). The ...current study focuses on uncovering the mechanisms underlying acute PM10 toxicity and SKQ1-mediated protection. HCE-2 were pre-treated with SKQ1 and then exposed to 100 μg/mL PM10. Cell viability, oxidative stress markers, programmed cell death, DNA damage, senescence markers, and pro-inflammatory cytokines were analyzed. Nrf2 cellular location and its transcriptional activity were determined. Effects of the Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 were similarly evaluated. Data showed that PM10 decreased cell viability, Nrf2 transcriptional activity, and mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes, but increased p-PI3K, p-NFκB, COX-2, and iNOS proteins levels. Additionally, PM10 exposure significantly increased DNA damage, phosphor-p53, p16 and p21 protein levels, and β-galactosidase (β-gal) staining, which confirmed the senescence. SKQ1 pre-treatment reversed these effects. ML385 lowered the Nrf2 protein levels and mRNA levels of its downstream targets. ML385 also abrogated the protective effects of SKQ1 against PM10 toxicity by preventing the restoration of cell viability and reduced oxidative stress. In conclusion, PM10 induces inflammation, reduces Nrf2 transcriptional activity, and causes DNA damage, leading to a senescence-like phenotype, which is prevented by SKQ1.
This study addresses the peristalsis of tangent hyperbolic liquid in a curved channel. Analysis has been prepared for chemical reaction, magnetohydrodynamics and thermophoretic deposition. The slip ...conditions for velocity, temperature and concentration are imposed. Problem subject to low Reynolds number and long wavelength are constructed. Numerical approach (called shooting method with the combination of Runge-Kutta Fehlberg algorithm) is employed to find the solutions. Behavior of velocity, temperature and concentration for sundry parameters is plotted. Graphical results reveal that velocity and temperature have opposite behavior for their respective slip parameters (i.e. velocity and thermal). Aspects of chemical reaction (for both constructive and destructive cases) on concentration are quite prominent.
•Peristalsis of tangent hyperbolic liquid in a curved channel is considered.•Chemical reaction is accounted.•Multiple slip conditions are imposed at the boundary.•Problem subject to long wavelength and low Reynolds number are constructed.
A dynamic pressure swing adsorption simulation model has been developed that caters for a detailed transport mechanism of nitrogen and methane in the micropores of both ETS-4 and CMS adsorbents. Five ...adsorbents, namely, barium-exchanged ETS-4 dehydrated at 400 °C (Ba400), strontium-exchanged ETS-4 dehydrated at 190 °C (Sr190) and 270 °C (Sr270), Bergbau–Forchung carbon molecular sieve (BF CMS), and Takeda carbon molecular sieve (Takeda CMS), have been selected for the simulation study in order to compare their performances for upgrading natural gas. The transport mechanisms of gases in CMS and ETS-4 adsorbents are different. In pressure swing adsorption (PSA) simulation, the binary equilibrium and kinetics are represented by the models that have recently been experimentally verified for methane–nitrogen mixture in Ba400, Sr190, and Sr270 adsorbents Majumdar, B.; Bhadra, S. J.; Marathe, R. P.; Farooq, S. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, 3021. The multisite Langmuir isotherm is used for adsorption equilibrium. The kinetic model takes into account diffusion in both macropores and micropores and the concentration dependence of micropore diffusivity according to the chemical potential gradient as the driving force with constant limiting micropore diffusivity. It also has the provision to allow for the dual transport resistance and strong concentration dependence of the thermodynamically corrected micropore transport coefficients in CMS according to the published results Huang, Q.; Farooq, S.; Karimi, I. A. Langmuir 2003, 19, 5722. Operating conditions have been identified that favor high recovery while simultaneously meeting the required pipeline specification for methane purity. The performance of the best sample for methane–nitrogen separation by PSA found from the simulation study, Ba400, is compared with published performances of ETS-4 and clinoptilolite. It has been found that, in addition to meeting pipeline specification, Ba400 also gives higher recovery, thus making this adsorbent a promising candidate for further exploration.
Coastal lagoons experience removal and leaching of metals due to seasonal fluctuation of salinity coupled with pH and dissolved oxygen variability. Benthic foraminifers are susceptible to seasonal ...variation in physicochemical conditions. Assessment of bioavailable fraction of selected metals in sediments along the salinity gradient of the largest brackish lagoon in Asia- Chilika was carried out. Further, population density and abnormality index of foraminifera in the sediments were calculated to understand the influence of bioavailable metal on benthic foraminifera. Metal concentrations were higher in the low salinity regions and decreased towards the high salinity regions. This suggests river discharge controls the metal input and distribution in the lagoon. Overall, metal concentrations are high in the residual fraction (F4) followed by interplay within the reducible (F2) or oxidizable (F3) fractions, except for Mn. The seasonal fluctuations of pH and cyclic oxygen deficiency intensified the leaching of Fe, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn in the bioavailable fraction in the low salinity region of the lagoon. The presence of metals in bioavailable fractions impacted the normal growth of the abundant Ammonia species. Despite low bioavailable metal concentrations, higher morphological abnormalities were observed in the high salinity regions due to higher energy conditions near the sea. Therefore, abnormalities in the benthic foraminifera are attributed to bioavailability of metals from sediments and natural stress conditions in the coastal lagoon environment.
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•Fluctuations in salinity, pH influenced leaching of metals in the coastal lagoon.•Metal concentrations are highest in the residual fraction and in low salinity region.•Bioavailable fraction of metal ceased normal growth of the benthic foraminifera.•High energy condition caused higher morphological abnormality in foraminifera.•Bioavailability of metals and natural stress conditions caused abnormality.
Insertion of nanoparticles in ordinary materials to examine the performance of their improved thermal abilities in the fluid flow is the hot topic of the present period of scientific research. In ...addition, various engineering, physiological, and medical applications, e.g., heat exchangers, hybrid vehicles, war arms, drug deliveries, and different medicines of nanoparticles, are evident. Peristaltic mechanism has a vital role as a material carrier in various engineering and physiological processes. Thus, this attempt is accounted to study the nanoparticles flow via a rotating peristaltic channel in the presence of magnetohydrodynamics and compliant walls aspects. In addition, the effects of slip, Hall, heat generation/absorption, and non-linear thermal radiation are also considered. Furthermore, the flow equations are modeled using the definition of conservation laws. Expression for effective and base quantities of nanoparticles is also mentioned. The flow formulation is reduced by incorporating a low Reynolds number approximation and higher wavelength assumption. The obtained reduced system of equation is handled through a numerical procedure called the shooting algorithm. Then, the obtained solution is used to plot the behavior of quantities of interest against present dimensionless parameters. The obtained result indicates that axial and secondary velocities face negligible resistance for higher wall elastic properties, and thus, velocities enhance where the wall damping property produces maximum resistance to the flow with decay in both velocities. The second-order axial velocity slip parameter disturbs the symmetry of the velocity field. Due to the higher volume fraction of copper nanoparticles, a huge collision between particles is evident, as a response both axial and secondary velocities decay, and temperature enhances because of larger amount of collision. For higher radiation effects, the rate of heat transfer is maximum due to which the system’s temperature declines.
This analysis communicates the thermophoretic and Brownian motion aspects in magneto-peristalsis with variable viscosity characteristics of viscous material. The magnetic and porosity characteristics ...of Darcy and Darcy–Forchheimer are considered. Mixed convection is taken in momentum equation via thermal and concentration coefficients. Viscosity is engaged as a variable function of temperature. Moreover, thermal radiation, viscous dissipation and Joule heating aspects are taken into heat equation. Mass equation is discussed in the presence of chemical reaction. Boundary constraints for velocity are taken as the second-order convective condition for heat, and heat mass flux effects are also present. Irreversibility phenomenon is discussed via entropy and Bejan number. Flow modeling is simplified through large wavelength and low Reynolds number assumptions. The dimensionless simplified system of coupled equations is solved numerically. Numerical solution of the system is acquired via built-in shooting procedure. It is noticed that velocity depicts the opposite behavior at center and channel boundary. Chemical reaction enhances the fluid concentration at center, while heat and mass transfer rates have opposite behaviors for thermophoresis and Brownian motion. The present results are beneficial to study the entropy generation with various non-Newtonian nanofluid models. The present situation of the proposed problem occurs in various biological and engineering industries.
