Summary
Croatia is a Central European and Mediterranean country with a long maritime border with Italy. Throughout history, it was not only goods but also knowledge and medical practices that were ...exchanged over its borders. Following archival sources, individual informal networks, professional publications, daily newspapers, and public lectures, we aimed to present main channels by which Croatian intellectuals embraced Lombroso’s criminal anthropology at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. We illuminated the fact that the adoption of Cesare Lombroso’s concepts stimulated the joint engagement and communication of medical and legal realms in Croatia. Our analysis exposed the traces of Lombroso’s ideas within the reform of the penal code, thus influencing forensic psychiatric practice. We showed how those ideas were translated into policy, politically exploited, and pitched into discussions employing rhetorical techniques, which led to the stigmatization of certain groups of people, particularly patients suffering from epilepsy. Our results also showed that, contrary to other countries that formed Austria-Hungary, the discussions about Lombroso’s criminology waned in Croatia after the First World War. We believe that our results can close the gap on this topic, adding the evidence about the spread and influence of Lombroso’s concepts within Austria-Hungary in the analyzed period.
Purpose
To demonstrate that Špišić’s photographs were used as a tool in representing the strategies and public health position of orthopaedics as an emerging medical specialty in Croatia in the ...period from 1915 to 1917.
Methods
Formal and contextual analysis of photographs included in the book
How we help our invalids: Images from our orthopaedic hospital and courses for disabled people
, which was published in 1917 by the founder of orthopaedics in Croatia Božidar Špišić (1879–1957), as well as historical documents and articles.
Results
Špišić’s 102 photographs cover all phases of the rehabilitation of disabled war veterans and depict them holistically and during typical everyday activities.
Conclusion
Špišić’s visualization of disabled veterans attempted to demonstrate the transformation and reactivation of disabled bodies, using them as a persuasive tool in the rehabilitation not only of individuals, but of the society as a whole.
The history of the condom, although repressed or bypassed throughout the centuries, represents an important part of our cultural history. An historical overview on how the condom was perceived by ...Croatian physicians and how the pharmaceutical industry advertised condoms in the first half of the 20th century is provided. The contributions on contraception in Croatian medical bulletins, as well as the advertisements published in our professional pharmaceutical journals established during the Interwar Period is discussed. Indeed, the condom was for the most part neglected either as a prophylactic or as a contraceptive among physicians and public health workers, despite epidemics of syphilis and the rise of socialized medicine. In conclusion, this paper is the first attempt to provide the history of condom in Croatia, discussing dominant attitudes toward contraception, prophylaxis of venereal diseases, the control of reproduction, and the ideologies about human sexuality.
S obzirom na to da dosada nije bilo sustavnih istraživanja o pojavi epidemije španjolske gripe na području grada Zagreba, u ovom je radu, na temelju arhivske građe i dokumentacije te Izvještaja ...gradskog poglavarstva o sveopćoj upravi slobodnog i kraljevskog glavnog grada
Zagreba, izvršena retrospektivna analiza kretanja epidemijske
španjolske gripe u Zagrebu. Budući da službeni izvještaji o prijavljivanju zaraznih bolesti nisu pružali točan uvid u epidemiološka zbivanja 1918. godine, izvršena je i temeljita analiza knjiga obdukcijskih protokola Prosekture javnih zdravstvenih zavoda s ciljem utvrđivanja samog
početka španjolske gripe u gradu Zagrebu. Ustanovljeno je da se prvi slučajevi oboljelih od gripe javljaju u srpnju 1918. godine. Od 1. rujna pa do konca 1918. godine od španjolske gripe i komplikacija upale pluća umrla je ukupno 861 osoba. Analizirani obdukcijski protokoli
zagrebačke prosekture pokazuju da je gotovo redovita komplikacija influence bila pneumonija hemoragičkog karaktera. Poznavajući periodicitet u kronologiji javljanja epidemija influence mogao bi se očekivati sve skoriji nastup pandemijskog soja koji bi antigeno bio sličan onom iz 1918. godine.
The subjects of gerontology and geriatrics did not arouse stronger interest among Croatian scholars until the second half of the twentieth century. From 1952 to 1957, a number of Croatian medical ...experts gave lectures on gerontology at the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts. Based on these lectures, in 1958 the Academy published the first book on gerontology in Croatia under the title Symposium on Gerontology. Its editor was Franjo Kogoj, a dermatovenereologist and a Fellow of the Academy (1894-1983). In this article, we focused on the contents of Symposium, namely, on the discussions about geriatric terminology, theories of aging, epistemological issues in gerontology, as well as clinical experiences with older patients. We argue that Symposium marks the beginning of a synthetic and interdisciplinary approach to gerontology in Croatia.
This paper will elaborate the impact of social, political and economic processes on the formation and development of the pharmaceutical profession in Croatia until the end of the Second World War. ...Political axes and dominant economic theories shaped a complex history of interactions between the pharmaceutical profession and state structures, dramatically polarizing the profession into interest groups. The paper will focus on the conflicts which arose from disagreements between owners and employees regarding professional interests, social issues and political ideologies, that became evident with the 1914 employees' strike in Zagreb and ended with the nationalization of all Yugoslav pharmacies after the Second World War. The main argument is that the conflict between the owners and the employees created powerful dynamics of change in the pharmaceutical profession. It induced the establishment of various class bodies and official gazettes; influenced the debates around new pharmaceutical legislation; awakened the need to establish instruments of social protection and social insurance; problematized the concession system, and ultimately led to the conversion of private pharmacies into state-owned ones. These complex processes were embedded in the quest for the unique identity of the pharmaceutical profession.
The collection of Vladimir Ćepulić's photographs named The Housing Misery in Zagreb, with wagon apartments as one of its main themes, documents the perception of tuberculosis, particularly its ...epidemiological aspect, between the two world wars. The representation of tuberculosis as a threat is realized in these photographs through the demonstration of dire housing conditions in which parts of Zagreb's poverty-stricken population resided. Ćepulić's photographs are discussed in this paper in relation to the history of public health research and its implications for social work. By publishing and exhibiting these photographs, Ćepulić insisted on raising the public consciousness about potential focal points of tuberculosis and its means of spreading. His ultimate goal was to improve the housing conditions, develop the city infrastructure and curb poverty. The new concept of protecting the health through prevention and broader societal changes is underscored in photography as the ever more popular method used in public health campaigns. The preserved collection of photographs is a unique document of this phase of Zagreb's history and a pioneering effort in social photography.
Between the two World Wars, the pharmaceutical industry
strengthened its influence within the Croatian medical community. Due to
the scarcity of professional biomedical journals in the Croatian ...language,
larger pharmaceutical companies started to publish free promotional journals,
magazines, and booklets which quickly became popular. They thus
succeeded in creating a broad network of opinion leaders by recruiting
physicians as authors, primarily writing on their experiences with application
of certain drugs. As a paradigmatic social disease of the interwar period,
syphilis stimulated the development of various marketing strategies
used by the industry in these publications.
Božidar Špišić was a pioneer of Croatian orthopedics. In 1908 he founded the first private orthopedic clinic in the entire South Slav region. During the First World War he organized and headed the ...first orthopedic hospital for the rehabilitation and resocialization of wounded soldiers. In the interwar period, Špišić was tasked with establishing the orthopedic clinic within the auspices of the School of Medicine, University of Zagreb. This effort in shaping and developing orthopedics in Croatia would not have been possible without his participation in a wide network of internationally renowned orthopedists. After graduating from the University of Graz in 1904, Špišić spent the next 4 years specializing in orthopedics with Hans Spitzy, Arnold Wittek, Fritz Lange and, most importantly, Adolf Lorenz. In this paper, we have reconstructed the transfer of knowledge and experiences between these prominent Austrian and German orthopedists and Božidar Špišić. We have paid special attention to the identification of those elements in Špišić's work that can be traced back to his mentor, teacher and lifelong colleague Adolf Lorenz, such as his treatment for congenital hip dislocation. We believe that the analysis of professional networks can shed additional light on the historiography of orthopedics, given that these influences did not manifest solely through the acquisition of specialized clinical knowledge but also through a profound influence on the core tenets of orthopedics as a discipline-its institutional organization and overall conservative approach.
Recently, the World Health Organization launched its Universal Health Coverage initiative with the aim to improve access to quality health care on a global level, without causing financial hardship ...to the patients. In this paper, we will identify and analyze the ideological similarities between this influential initiative and the work of one of the founders of the WHO-Andrija Štampar (1888-1958)-whose social medicine was built of various normative, sociological and philosophical elements. Our aim is to demonstrate the crucial role of carefully erected and thought-out ideology for the success of public health programs.
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