Infectious diseases prevalent in humans and animals are caused by pathogens that once emerged from other animal hosts. In addition to these established infections, new infectious diseases ...periodically emerge. In extreme cases they may cause pandemics such as COVID-19; in other cases, dead-end infections or smaller epidemics result. Established diseases may also re-emerge, for example by extending geographically or by becoming more transmissible or more pathogenic. Disease emergence reflects dynamic balances and imbalances, within complex globally distributed ecosystems comprising humans, animals, pathogens, and the environment. Understanding these variables is a necessary step in controlling future devastating disease emergences.
Understanding the dynamic balance and interplay between complex and global ecosystems comprising humans, animals, pathogens, and the environment provides perspectives on how we got to the COVID-19 pandemic.
HIV/AIDS, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and the most recent 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza are only a few of many examples of emerging infectious diseases in the modern world 1; each of ...these diseases has caused global societal and economic impact related to unexpected illnesses and deaths, as well as interference with travel, business, and many normal life activities. Examples of Newly Emerging Infectious Diseases The most salient modern example of an emerging infectious disease is HIV/AIDS, which likely emerged a century ago after multiple independent events in which the virus jumped from one primate host to another (chimpanzees to humans) and subsequently, as a result of a complex array of social and demographic factors, spread readily within the human population.
Coronavirus Infections-More Than Just the Common Cold Paules, Catharine I; Marston, Hilary D; Fauci, Anthony S
JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association,
02/2020, Letnik:
323, Številka:
8
Journal Article
The story behind COVID-19 vaccines Fauci, Anthony S
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
04/2021, Letnik:
372, Številka:
6538
Journal Article
Ending the HIV/AIDS Pandemic Eisinger, Robert Walter; Fauci, Anthony S
Emerging infectious diseases,
03/2018, Letnik:
24, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The goal of ending the HIV/AIDS pandemic is theoretically achievable and would require addressing this global health catastrophe on individual and global levels by providing optimal prevention ...strategies and treatment regimens for individual persons living with or at risk for HIV, as well as ending the pandemic as an epidemiologic and global health phenomenon. However, from a practical standpoint, the pathway to ending the HIV/AIDS pandemic will be difficult and will require aggressive implementation of the biomedical research advances that have been made in the areas of treatment and prevention; development of additional tools, such as a moderately effective HIV vaccine; and attention to critical behavioral and social determinants. An end to the HIV/AIDS pandemic can be achieved only with provision of sustained and additional resources at the local, regional, national, and global levels.
B‐cell responses to HIV infection Moir, Susan; Fauci, Anthony S.
Immunological reviews,
January 2017, 2017-01-00, 20170101, Letnik:
275, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Summary
The induction of neutralizing antibodies directed against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has received considerable attention in recent years, in part driven by renewed interest and ...opportunities for antibody‐based strategies for prevention such as passive transfer of antibodies and the development of preventive vaccines, as well as immune‐based therapeutic interventions. Advances in the ability to screen, isolate, and characterize HIV‐specific antibodies have led to the identification of a new generation of potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). The majority of these antibodies have been isolated from B cells of chronically HIV‐infected individuals with detectable viremia. In this review, we provide insight into the phenotypic and functional attributes of human B cells, with a focus on HIV‐specific memory B cells and plasmablasts/cells that are responsible for sustaining humoral immune responses against HIV. We discuss the abnormalities in B cells that occur in HIV infection both in the peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues, especially in the setting of persisting viremia. Finally, we consider the opportunities and drawbacks of intensively interrogating antibodies isolated from HIV‐infected individuals to guide strategies aimed at developing effective antibody‐based vaccine and therapeutic interventions for HIV.
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