Francisella tularensis is a facultative intracellular bacterium that infects many cell types, including neutrophils. We demonstrated previously that F. tularensis inhibits NADPH oxidase assembly and ...activity and then escapes the phagosome to the cytosol, but effects on other aspects of neutrophil function are unknown. Neutrophils are short-lived cells that undergo constitutive apoptosis, and phagocytosis typically accelerates this process. We now demonstrate that F. tularensis significantly inhibited neutrophil apoptosis as indicated by morphologic analysis as well as annexin V and TUNEL staining. Thus, ∼80% of infected neutrophils remained viable at 48 h compared with ∼50% of control cells, and ∼40% of neutrophils that ingested opsonized zymosan. In keeping with this finding, processing and activation of procaspases-8, -9, and -3 were markedly diminished and delayed. F. tularensis also significantly impaired apoptosis triggered by Fas crosslinking. Of note, these effects were dose dependent and could be conferred by either intracellular or extracellular live bacteria, but not by formalin-killed organisms or isolated LPS and capsule, and were not affected by disruption of wbtA2 or FTT1236/FTL0708-genes required for LPS O-antigen and capsule biosynthesis. In summary, we demonstrate that F. tularensis profoundly impairs constitutive neutrophil apoptosis via effects on the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, and thereby define a new aspect of innate immune evasion by this organism. As defects in neutrophil turnover prevent resolution of inflammation, our findings also suggest a mechanism that may in part account for the neutrophil accumulation, granuloma formation, and severe tissue damage that characterizes lethal pneumonic tularemia.
F. novicida acts via the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways to prolong neutrophil viability by a mechanism independent of opsonins and phagocytosis.
Francisella novicida is a Gram‐negative bacterium ...that is closely related to the highly virulent facultative intracellular pathogen, Francisella tularensis. Data published by us and others demonstrate that F. tularensis virulence correlates directly with its ability to impair constitutive apoptosis and extend human neutrophil lifespan. In contrast, F. novicida is attenuated in humans, and the mechanisms that account for this are incompletely defined. Our published data demonstrate that F. novicida binds natural IgG that is present in normal human serum, which in turn, elicits NADPH oxidase activation that does not occur in response to F. tularensis. As it is established that phagocytosis and oxidant production markedly accelerate neutrophil death, we predicted that F. novicida may influence the neutrophil lifespan in an opsonin‐dependent manner. To test this hypothesis, we quantified bacterial uptake, phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization, and changes in nuclear morphology, as well as the kinetics of procaspase‐3, ‐8, and ‐9 processing and activation. To our surprise, we discovered that F. novicida not only failed to accelerate neutrophil death but also diminished and delayed apoptosis in a dose‐dependent, but opsonin‐independent, manner. In keeping with this, studies of conditioned media (CM) showed that neutrophil longevity could be uncoupled from phagocytosis and that F. novicida stimulated neutrophil secretion of CXCL8. Taken together, the results of this study reveal shared and unique aspects of the mechanisms used by Francisella species to manipulate neutrophil lifespan and as such, advance understanding of cell death regulation during infection.
Francisella tularensis
is a facultative intracellular bacterium that infects many cell types including neutrophils. We demonstrated previously that
F. tularensis
inhibits NADPH oxidase assembly and ...activity and then escapes the phagosome to the cytosol, but effects on other aspects of neutrophil function are unknown. Neutrophils are short-lived cells that undergo constitutive apoptosis, and phagocytosis typically accelerates this process. We now demonstrate that
F. tularensis
significantly inhibited neutrophil apoptosis as indicated by morphological analysis as well as Annexin V and TUNEL staining. Thus, ~80% of infected neutrophils remained viable at 48 h as compared with ~50% of control cells, and ~40% of neutrophils that ingested opsonized zymosan. In keeping with this, processing and activation of procaspases-8, -9 and -3 were markedly diminished and delayed.
F. tularensis
also significantly impaired apoptosis triggered by Fas crosslinking. Of note, these effects were dose-dependent and could be conferred by either intracellular or extracellular live bacteria, but not by formalin-killed organisms or isolated LPS and capsule, and were not affected by disruption of
wbtA2
or
FTT1236/FTL0708
, genes required for LPS O-antigen and capsule biosynthesis. In summary, we demonstrate for the first time that
F. tularensis
profoundly impairs constitutive neutrophil apoptosis via effects on the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, and thereby define a new aspect of innate immune evasion by this organism. As defects in neutrophil turnover prevent resolution of inflammation, our findings also suggest a mechanism that may in part account for the neutrophil accumulation, granuloma formation and severe tissue damage that characterizes lethal pneumonic tularemia.
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