Activities of daily living (ADL) comprise the basic actions that involve caring for one's self and body, including personal care, mobility, and eating. In this review article, we (1) review useful ...clinical tools including a discussion on ways to approach ADL assessment across settings, (2) highlight relevant literature evaluating the relationship between cognitive functioning and ADLs, (3) discuss other biopsychosocial factors affecting ADL performance, (4) provide clinical recommendations for enhancing ADL capacity with an emphasis on self-care tasks (eating, grooming, dressing, bathing and toileting), and (5) identify interventions that treatment providers can implement to reduce the burden of ADL care.
Aims
To investigate the phenanthrene‐degrading abilities of the halophilic Martelella species AD‐3 under different conditions and to propose a possible metabolic pathway.
Methods and Results
Using ...HPLC and GC‐MS analyses, the phenanthrene‐degrading properties of the halophilic strain AD‐3 and its metabolites were analysed. This isolate efficiently degraded phenanthrene under multiple conditions characterized by different concentrations of phenanthrene (100–400 mg l−1), a broad range of salinities (0·1–15%) and varying pHs (6·0–10·0). Phenanthrene (200 mg l−1) was completely depleted under 3% salinity and a pH of 9·0 within 6 days. The potential toxicity of phenanthrene and its generated metabolites towards the bacterium Vibrio fischeri was significantly reduced 10 days after the bioassay. On the basis of the identified metabolites, enzyme activities and the utilization of probable intermediates, phenanthrene degradation by strain AD‐3 was proposed in two distinct routes. In route I, metabolism of phenanthrene was initiated by the dioxygenation at C‐3,4 via 1‐hydroxy‐2‐naphthoic acid, 1‐naphthol, salicylic acid and gentisic acid. In route II, phenanthrene was metabolized to 9‐phenanthrol and 9,10‐phenanthrenequinone. Further study indicated that strain AD‐3 exhibited a wide spectrum of substrate utilization including other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
Conclusions
The results suggest that strain AD‐3 possesses a high phenanthrene biodegradability and that the degradation occurs via two routes that remarkably reduce toxicity.
Significance and Impact of the Study
To the best of our knowledge, this work presents the first report of phenanthrene degradation by a halophilic PAH‐degrading strain via two routes. In the future, the use of halophilic strain AD‐3 provides a potential application for efficient PAH‐contaminated hypersaline field remediation.
In the study, a new triple-helix polysaccharide with favorable stability was purified from C. cornucopioides. Its structural characterization, stability and solution behavior were investigated by the ...GC–MS, periodate oxidation-smith degradation, FT-IR, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, methylation analysis, Scanning electron microscope, Congo-red, CD, TGA and DSC analysis. The results showed that Craterellus cornucopioide polysaccharide (CCP) possessed the molecular weight of 1.97 × 103 kDa, is mainly composed of mannose (48.73%), galactose (17.37%), glucose (15.97%) and xylose (17.93%), respectively. It was a heteroglycan with (1 → 3)‑linked‑β‑d‑Manp‑(1 → 6)‑linked α‑d‑Galp backbone distributed by (1 → 4)‑linked‑α‑d‑Xylp‑t‑α‑d‑Manp and t‑β‑d‑Glup units at O-6. The result of TGA and DSC assay indicated that CCP has a favorable thermal stability. MTT and Scanning electro microscopy (SEM) assay showed that CCP could significantly improve the proliferation activity and induce cells activation of RAW264.7 in a certain range of concentrations and period.
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•We found and investigated a novel polysaccharide from Craterellus cornucopioides.•The Conformation studies of this polysaccharide solution was studied.•The structure stability of this polysaccharide was studied.•The morphological changes of RAW264.7 cells under CCP activation was observed.
The development in the area of surface modification of polymeric synthetic membranes since 2000 is reviewed. Many patents, articles, and reviews have been written on the development in the area of ...surface modification of polymeric synthetic membranes subjected to RO, UF, NF, gas separation (GS), and biomedical applications, mainly since 2000, but recently more attention has been given to the modification of their surfaces to obtain desirable results. In particular, most emphasis has been given to plasma treatment, grafting of polymers on the surface, and modifying the surfaces by adding SMMs (surface-modifying molecules). New additives are synthesized to make the polymeric membrane surfaces either to be more hydrophilic or hydrophobic, aimed at improvement in selectivity and permeability of the membranes for GS, NF, and RO. Improvement in antifouling by surface modification is also a popular topic in the membrane industries. In the last 8 years, tremendous research efforts have been made on the development of antifouling membranes.
► Indicator categorization has been developed for providing a common structure to organize sustainability indicators. ► Five dimensions of indicator categorization are environmental stewardship, ...economic growth, social well-being, performance management, and technological advancement. ► This paper provides a measurement process for assessing sustainability of manufacturing processes.
The manufacturing industry is seeking an open, inclusive, and neutral set of indicators to measure sustainability of manufactured products and manufacturing processes. In these efforts, they find a large number of stand-alone indicator sets. This has caused complications in terms of understanding interrelated terminology and selecting specific indicators for different aspects of sustainability. This paper reviews a set of publicly available indicator sets and provides a categorization of indicators that are quantifiable and clearly related to manufacturing. The indicator categorization work is also intended to establish an integrated sustainability indicator repository as a means to providing a common access for manufacturers, as well as academicians, to learn about current indicators and measures of sustainability. This paper presents a categorization of sustainability indicators, based on mutual similarity, in five dimensions of sustainability: environmental stewardship, economic growth, social well-being, technological advancement, and performance management. Finally, the paper explains how to use this indicator set to assess a company's manufacturing operations.
This study attempted to eradicate Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) and Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) from virus‐infected in vitro shoots of apple rootstocks ‘M9’ and ‘M26’ using shoot tip culture ...and cryopreservation. In shoot tip culture, shoot tips (0.2 mm in length) containing two leaf primordia failed to show shoot regrowth. Although shoot regrowth rate was the highest in the largest shoot tips (1.0 mm in length) containing four leaf primordia, none of the regenerated shoots was virus‐free. Shoot tips (0.5 mm in length) containing two and three leaf primordia produced 100% and 10% of ASPV‐free shoots, respectively, while those (1.0 mm) containing four leaf primordia were not able to eradicate ASPV. ASGV could not be eradicated by shoot tip culture, regardless of the size of the shoot tips tested. In cryopreservation, shoot tips (0.5 mm in length) containing two leaf primordia did not resume shoot growth. Although 1.0‐mm and 1.5‐mm shoot tips gave similarly high ASPV‐free frequencies, the latter had much higher shoot regrowth rate than the former. Very similar results of shoot regrowth and virus eradication by shoot tip culture and cryopreservation were observed in both ‘M9’ and ‘M26’. Histological observations showed that only cells in upper part of apical dome and in leaf primordia 1–3 survived, while other cells were damaged or killed, in shoot tips following cryopreservation. Virus immunolocalization found ASPV was not detected in upper part of apical dome and leaf primordia 1 and 2, but was present in lower part of apical dome, and in leaf primordium 4 and more developed tissues in all samples tested. ASPV was also detected in leaf primordium 3 in about 16.7% and 13.3% samples tested in ‘M9’ and ‘M26’. ASGV was observed in apical dome and leaf primordia 1–6, leaving only a few top layers of cells in apical dome free of the virus. Different abilities of ASPV and ASGV to invade leaf petioles and shoot tips were also noted.
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