In order to comprehend the molecular composition of coal and better understand the process of coal combustion, this study involved the development of a molecular structure model for Heiyanquan coal ...in Xinjiang, as well as the optimization and annealing dynamics simulation of the model. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) were utilized to investigate the spontaneous combustion characteristics of coal at different temperatures (room temperature, 50-500 °C with 50 °C interval). The findings revealed that the coal primarily consists of aromatic carbon, with the aromatic structure mainly comprising naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene, and the aliphatic carbon mainly consisting of CH
and CH, along with a small quantity of minerals. The empirical molecular formula of Heiyanquan coal was determined to be C
H
O
N
. After the optimization, the total energy of the model was significantly reduced, and the aromatic layers tended to align in a regular parallel manner, with van der Waals energy playing a crucial role in maintaining structural stability. As the temperature increased, the activation energy of the three stages also increased, with the combustion stage exhibiting the highest activation energy. The presence of hydroxyl groups and oxygen-containing functional groups was found to mainly participate in the reaction, while the content of aromatic hydrocarbons remained relatively stable, C=C exhibited a decreasing trend, and C-O displayed an increasing trend. Moreover, it was observed that 1 × 1 and 2 × 2 were the predominant aromatic stripes in the coal samples, accounting for more than 90% of the total stripes.
Multimodal therapies have been regarded as promising strategies for cancer treatment as compared to conventional drug delivery systems that have various drawbacks in either low loading content, ...uncontrolled release, non-targeting or biotoxicity. We have developed a multifunctional three-dimensional tumor-targeting drug delivery system, Fe3O4@UIO-66-NH2/graphdiyne (FUGY), based on the hybridization of a novel two-dimensional material, graphdiyne (GDY), with a metal organic framework (MOFs) structure, Fe3O4@UIO-66-NH2 (FU). The FU MOF structure has superior ability for magnetic targeting, and was constructed by an in situ growth method in which it was surface-installed with GDY via amide bonds, as a carrier of anticancer drugs. The anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) was loaded onto FUGY and served as both an anticancer drug to treat the tumor and a fluorescence probe to ascertain the location of FUGY. The results show that FUGY exhibits a high drug loading content of 43.8% and an effective drug release around the tumor cells at pH 5.0. In particular, fluorescence imaging demonstrates that FUGY can deliver more anticancer drugs to tumor tissue than conventional drug delivery systems. Furthermore, FUGY exhibits superior therapeutic efficiencies with negligible side effects as compared to the direct administration of free DOX, both in vitro and in vivo. The obtained FUGY drug delivery system possesses ideal biocompatibility, sustained drug release, effective chemotherapeutic efficacy, and specific targeting abilities. Such a multimodal therapeutic system can facilitate new possibilities for multifunctional drug delivery systems.
Many neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by impairment of protein quality control mechanisms in neuronal cells. Ineffective clearance of misfolded proteins by the proteasome, autophagy ...pathways and exocytosis leads to accumulation of toxic protein oligomers and aggregates in neurons. Toxic protein species affect various cellular functions resulting in the development of a spectrum of different neurodegenerative proteinopathies, including Huntington's disease (HD). Playing an integral role in proteostasis, dysfunction of the ubiquitylation system in HD is progressive and multi-faceted with numerous biochemical pathways affected, in particular, the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy routes for protein aggregate degradation. Unravelling the molecular mechanisms involved in HD pathogenesis of proteostasis provides new insight in disease progression in HD as well as possible therapeutic avenues. Recent developments of potential therapeutics are discussed in this review.
Aims
Phenazines, such as phenazine‐1‐carboxylic acid (PCA), phenazine‐1‐carboxamide (PCN), 2‐hydroxyphenazine‐1‐carboxylic acid (2‐OH‐PCA), 2‐hydroxyphenazine (2‐OH‐PHZ), are a class of secondary ...metabolites secreted by plant‐beneficial Pseudomonas. Ps. chlororaphis GP72 utilizes glycerol to synthesize PCA, 2‐OH‐PCA and 2‐OH‐PHZ, exhibiting broad‐spectrum antifungal activity. Previous studies showed that the addition of dithiothreitol (DTT) could increase the phenazines production in Ps. chlororaphis GP72AN. However, the mechanism of high yield of phenazine by adding DTT is still unclear.
Methods and Results
In this study, untargeted and targeted metabolomic analysis were adopted to determine the content of metabolites. The results showed that the addition of DTT to GP72AN affected the content of metabolites of central carbon metabolism, shikimate pathway and phenazine competitive pathway. Transcriptome analysis was conducted to investigate the changed cellular process, and the result indicated that the addition of DTT affected the expression of genes involved in phenazine biosynthetic cluster and genes involved in phenazine competitive pathway, driving more carbon flux into phenazine biosynthetic pathway. Furthermore, genes involved in antioxidative stress, phosphate transport system and mexGHI‐opmD efflux pump were also affected by adding DTT.
Conclusion
This study demonstrated that the addition of DTT altered the expression of genes related to phenazine biosynthesis, resulting in the change of metabolites involved in central carbon metabolism, shikimate pathway and phenazine competitive pathway.
Significance and Impact of the Study
This work expands the understanding of high yield of phenazine by the addition of DTT and provides several targets for increasing phenazine production.
Multiple primary lung cancers (MPLCs) are becoming more and more common and these patients can benefit from minimally invasive surgery. Here, we report a case of a patient diagnosed with synchronous ...MPLCs who underwent bilateral thoracoscopic pulmonary resections in a two‐stage strategy, and achieved a good surgical outcome and high quality of life. A 66‐year‐old female was found to have one major ground‐glass nodule (GGN) in the right upper lobe and eight minor GGNs in the left upper and lower lobes. The patient underwent right upper lobe resection and systematic mediastinal lymph node dissection via single‐utility port thoracoscopic surgery in September 2018. Pathology was lepidic predominant adenocarcinoma pT1bN0M0, IA2. Regular high‐resolution computed tomography examination during 36 months after right upper lobectomy showed gradually increasing diameter and solid component of multiple GGNs in left lung. The patient underwent thoracoscopic multiple pulmonary resections using an intraoperative localization technique in a hybrid operating room in October 2021 and all eight nodules in the left lung were resected. Two segmentectomies and four wedge resections were performed, and the pathological results of the eight nodules included four adenocarcinomas, three adenocarcinomas in situ, and one alveolar epithelial hyperplasia. The two operations were successful with no intra‐ or postoperative 90‐day complications. During more than 20 months of follow‐up after the second operation, the patient had well recovered pulmonary function and physical status with a Karnofsky performance status score of 90 and no local recurrence or metastasis. A two‐stage surgical strategy for synchronous MPLCs is therefore feasible. The surgical strategy, timing of intervention, and extent of pulmonary resection should be individually designed according to the location and characteristics of each nodule. Intraoperative localization of small GGNs is very important to ensure that all nodules are completely and accurately resected during the operation.
Minimally invasive pulmonary resections with intraoperative localization technique for bilateral multiple primary lung cancers. The surgical strategy, timing of intervention, and extent of pulmonary resection should be individually designed. Intraoperative localization of small nodules is very important to ensure that all nodules are completely and accurately resected.
Millions of people die every year from diseases caused by exposure to outdoor air pollution. Some studies have estimated premature mortality related to local sources of air pollution, but local air ...quality can also be affected by atmospheric transport of pollution from distant sources. International trade is contributing to the globalization of emission and pollution as a result of the production of goods (and their associated emissions) in one region for consumption in another region. The effects of international trade on air pollutant emissions, air quality and health have been investigated regionally, but a combined, global assessment of the health impacts related to international trade and the transport of atmospheric air pollution is lacking. Here we combine four global models to estimate premature mortality caused by fine particulate matter (PM
) pollution as a result of atmospheric transport and the production and consumption of goods and services in different world regions. We find that, of the 3.45 million premature deaths related to PM
pollution in 2007 worldwide, about 12 per cent (411,100 deaths) were related to air pollutants emitted in a region of the world other than that in which the death occurred, and about 22 per cent (762,400 deaths) were associated with goods and services produced in one region for consumption in another. For example, PM
pollution produced in China in 2007 is linked to more than 64,800 premature deaths in regions other than China, including more than 3,100 premature deaths in western Europe and the USA; on the other hand, consumption in western Europe and the USA is linked to more than 108,600 premature deaths in China. Our results reveal that the transboundary health impacts of PM
pollution associated with international trade are greater than those associated with long-distance atmospheric pollutant transport.
Nowadays, by integrating the smart devices carried by users with existing communication infrastructures to provide large-scale, fine-grained and complex sensing services, crowdsensing as a novel ...sensing paradigm has significantly enriched the applications of smart city and promoted the development of Internet of Things (IoT). However, privacy has become skyrocketing concern for crowdsensing and gravely affected the deployment of crowdsensing. In this article, we present a framework to make the tradeoff between minimizing data aggregation error and guaranteeing system stability by jointly considering the privacy of participants, the randomness of sensing task arrival and the cost of platform. We propose an online control mechanism by exploiting Lyapunov stochastic optimization technique. Additionally, considering that, in reality, it always takes different time for different tasks to make sensing decisions, we extend standard Lyapunov stochastic optimization technique to make separate decisions for different types of sensing tasks in consecutive time. Through rigorous theoretical analysis, we prove that our time-average data aggregation error is approximately optimal while still maintaining system stability. By carrying out extensive simulations, we demonstrate the superiority of our proposed mechanisms.
To fulfill the requirement of fields such as robotics, aviation, and special machining, motors with quill shafts or outer rotors have been used. For these special motors, the photoelectric encoder's ...volume is normally too big and easy to be polluted by oil or dust; magnetic encoder normally has poor accuracy, and alnico piece may not provide enough magnetic field coverage area. The aim of this essay is to find a new structure of magnetic encoder to improve the precision and magnetic field coverage area. By using two multi-pole alnico rings with a different number of pole pairs to provide a magnetic field, the coverage area could be improved. The position differences between two alnicos pole positions are used to calculate absolute angle value, so the accuracy of the encoder could be absolute and no less than that of a combined magnetic encoder with the same number of pole pairs. A special algorithm is proposed for decoding. This new kind of magnetic encoder could be used on special motors with quill shafts or outer rotors. Its volume and weight are less than the photoelectric encoder and have better performance on antipollution. The alnico ring is easy to modify to suit the structure of the motor.
To determine the therapeutic efficacy and safety of risk‐adapted stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) schedules for patients with early‐stage central and ultra‐central inoperable non‐small cell ...lung cancer. From 2006 to 2015, 80 inoperable T1‐2N0M0 NSCLC patients were treated with two median dose levels: 60 Gy in six fractions (range, 48‐60 Gy in 4‐8 fractions) prescribed to the 74% isodose line (range, 58%‐79%) for central lesions (ie within 2 cm of, but not abutting, the proximal bronchial tree; n = 43), and 56 Gy in seven fractions (range, 48‐60 Gy in 5‐10 fractions) prescribed to the 74% isodose line (range, 60%‐80%) for ultra‐central lesions (ie abutting the proximal bronchial tree; n = 37) on consecutive days. Primary endpoint was overall survival (OS); secondary endpoints included progression‐free survival (PFS), tumor local control rate (LC), and toxicity. Median OS and PFS were 64.47 and 32.10 months (respectively) for ultra‐central patients, and not reached for central patients. Median time to local failure, regional failure, and any distant failures for central versus ultra‐central lesions were: 27.37 versus 26.07 months, 20.90 versus 12.53 months, and 20.85 versus 15.53 months, respectively, all P < .05. Multivariate analyses showed that tumor categorization (ultra‐central) and planning target volume ≥52.76 mL were poor prognostic factors of OS, PFS, and LC, respectively (all P < .05). There was one grade 5 toxicity; all other toxicities were grade 1‐2. Our results showed that ultra‐central tumors have a poor OS, PFS, and LC compared with central patients because of the use of risk‐adapted SBRT schedules that allow for equal and favorable toxicity profiles.
There is great interest in defining risk‐adapted dose‐fractionation schedules for “ultra‐central” and “central” early‐stage NSCLC. Our results showed that compared with central lesions, ultra‐central tumors have worse OS, PFS, and LC following risk‐adapted SBRT dose‐fractionation regimens. Toxicity profiles of the two groups are similar, with almost no patients having grade 3 or higher toxicity.
Emerging research on the use of new technology suggests that internet use is generally associated with high levels of efficiency among older adults in the following areas: quality of life, mood, ...positive psychological well-being, and the individual and societal costs of caring for them. However, there is little empirical evidence specifically concerning the causal effects of older adults' internet use on their depression level. There is a need for more replication studies to help confirm that the emerging evidence on the impact of internet use is accurate and applicable to different populations and in different situations.
Using national data from the China Family Panel Study in 2016, this study helps to fill the above mentioned research gap. This study followed a two-step analytical strategy to empirically examine the association between internet use and reported depression in older adults. In the first step, we estimated a binary logistic regression model with internet use as the dependent variable and 8 demographic and socioeconomic factors as the confounding variables. In the second step, we performed a propensity score analysis to control for potential bias using the confounding variables confirmed in the first step.
The results show that older adults who reported internet use have lower depression levels than did those who did not use the internet, with adjustments made for gender, age, urban or rural residence, pension status, educational background, physical health, life satisfaction, and intelligence level.
These findings suggest that it is critical to advocate for technology-based policies and programs that promote older adults' internet use to improve their social well-being, which can also serve as a policy strategy to help alleviate older adults' depression.
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