20 years of dispute over one and a half seconds of copied music? The dispute in the »Metal on Metal« (German: »Metall auf Metall«) case between the music group Kraftwerk and the composer Moses Pelham ...even occupied the European Court of Justice in 2019. It shows that copyright has become a socially contentious issue that has pushed its way out of the niche of the artistic sphere and into the everyday lives of almost everyone. This process has not gone unnoticed by academia, and yet academia is only just beginning to understand the implications and effects of this copyright expansion in more detail. Sociologist Georg Fischer provides the first empirical study of sampling in music that explicitly examines the impact of German copyright law on creative practice. He shows the abundance and diversity of creative circumvention strategies that have spread and taken root in the shadow of copyright law – and with which artists necessarily limit their own visibility as well as the aesthetic complexity and monetary exploitation of their works.
20 Jahre Streit um eineinhalb Sekunden kopierte Musik? Die Auseinandersetzung im Fall »Metall auf Metall« zwischen der Musikgruppe Kraftwerk und dem Komponisten Moses Pelham beschäftigte 2019 sogar den Europäischen Gerichtshof. Sie zeigt, dass das Urheberrecht zu einem gesellschaftlichen Streitthema geworden ist, das sich aus der Nische des künstlerischen Bereichs in den Alltag nahezu aller Menschen gedrängt hat. Dieser Prozess lief nicht unbemerkt von der Wissenschaft ab und dennoch ist diese gerade erst dabei, die Implikationen und Effekte dieser urheberrechtlichen Ausdehnung genauer zu verstehen. Der Soziologe Georg Fischer liefert die erste empirische Studie zum Sampling in der Musik, die explizit den Einfluss des deutschen Urheberrechts auf die kreative Praxis untersucht. Er zeigt die Fülle und Vielfalt an kreativen Umgehungsstrategien, die sich im Schatten des Urheberrechts ausgebreitet und verankert haben – und mit denen die Künstler_innen die eigene Sichtbarkeit sowie die ästhetische Komplexität und monetäre Verwertung ihrer Werke notgedrungen einschränken.
Very invisible: Bis(pyrrolopyrrole) cyanines are extended chromophores based on diketopyrrolopyrroles (general structure shown). The compounds are characterized by extremely high extinction ...coefficients, narrowband absorption in the near‐IR range, and strong fluorescence around 1 μm. Since absorption in the visible region is negligible, they approach the ideal of selective NIR absorbers.
This article proposes an entangled perspective on nineteenth-century anthropological exhibitions. Whereas the existing scholarship mostly focuses on the receiving end of such displays or the agency ...of indigenous performers, this article argues for more stopovers and contextualization to grasp both the ambiguous position of non-metropolitan exhibitors like Brazil and the semantic transformations of traveling exhibits. In 1882, a group of Botocudo Amerindians was first taken to Rio de Janeiro and later put on display in Britain. Their presence in Rio sparked great interest, with lasting effects on the popular entertainment scene. Yet staring at them became a contested issue once they were taken to Europe, since Brazilians were concerned about becoming an object of Europe's exoticizing voyeurism.
A Debye relaxation model for the permittivity of aqueous glucose solution is given up to 40 GHz. Measurements of aqueous solutions are compared with invasive measurements on over 40 blood samples. ...Reflection- and transmission-based techniques are explained, concerning the application in biomedical concentration measurements. Wideband measurements on different sensing structures are introduced. Reflection- and transmission-based sensors are applied to a six-port reflectometer, as well as a homodyne vector network analyzer.
Shoe-based wearable sensor systems are a growing research area in health monitoring, disease diagnosis, rehabilitation, and sports training. These systems-equipped with one or more sensors, either of ...the same or different types-capture information related to foot movement or pressure maps beneath the foot. This captured information offers an overview of the subject's overall movement, known as the human gait. Beyond sensing, these systems also provide a platform for hosting ambient energy harvesters. They hold the potential to harvest energy from foot movements and operate related low-power devices sustainably. This article proposes two types of strategies (Strategy 1 and Strategy 2) for an energy-autonomous shoe-based system. Strategy 1 uses an accelerometer as a sensor for gait acquisition, which reflects the classical choice. Strategy 2 uses a piezoelectric element for the same, which opens up a new perspective in its implementation. In both strategies, the piezoelectric elements are used to harvest energy from foot activities and operate the system. The article presents a fair comparison between both strategies in terms of power consumption, accuracy, and the extent to which piezoelectric energy harvesters can contribute to overall power management. Moreover, Strategy 2, which uses piezoelectric elements for simultaneous sensing and energy harvesting, is a power-optimized method for an energy-autonomous shoe system.
The demand for a replacement of global navigation satellite systems in indoor environments has led researchers to investigate the field of indoor localization. In this contribution, we propose RAILS, ...a 3-D real-time angle of arrival ultrasonic indoor localization system. The proposed system is capable of accurately and precisely locating a source in three-dimensions using angle of arrival (AoA) measurements. Our acoustic AoA technique relies on a constellation of spatially distributed arrays of microphones and on a source emitting inaudible ultrasonic chirp signals. Real-time features are enabled by introducing a localization chirp detector that constantly listens to the medium and triggers the localization algorithms only when signals of interest are approaching. The core of the 3-D localization method are the time delay estimates, aiming to compute the 3-D direction vectors. In order to overcome the challenges introduced by the acoustic indoor channel and to provide accuracy and robustness in the delay estimates, we have designed a time delay estimator. Furthermore, an ad hoc 3-D positioning algorithm based on 3-D vector intersection has been developed to furnish reliable 3-D source positions. The performance of our proposed ultrasonic indoor localization system has been evaluated through static single-source real-world experiments in a warehouse-like scenario, covering an area of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">40~\text {m}^{2} </tex-math></inline-formula> with a maximum source-receiver range of 10 m. The system achieved an outstanding average of 10-cm 3-D positioning accuracy, with an average standard deviation of 1 cm over all the measurements. Furthermore, dynamic single-source experiments have been carried out demonstrating that our system is capable not only of locating a source but also to track it.
Diabetes is a chronic and, according to the state of the art, an incurable disease. Therefore, to treat diabetes, regular blood glucose monitoring is crucial since it is mandatory to mitigate the ...risk and incidence of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Nowadays, it is common to use blood glucose meters or continuous glucose monitoring via stinging the skin, which is classified as invasive monitoring. In recent decades, non-invasive monitoring has been regarded as a dominant research field. In this paper, electrochemical and electromagnetic non-invasive blood glucose monitoring approaches will be discussed. Thereby, scientific sensor systems are compared to commercial devices by validating the sensor principle and investigating their performance utilizing the Clarke error grid. Additionally, the opportunities to enhance the overall accuracy and stability of non-invasive glucose sensing and even predict blood glucose development to avoid hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia using post-processing and sensor fusion are presented. Overall, the scientific approaches show a comparable accuracy in the Clarke error grid to that of the commercial ones. However, they are in different stages of development and, therefore, need improvement regarding parameter optimization, temperature dependency, or testing with blood under real conditions. Moreover, the size of scientific sensing solutions must be further reduced for a wearable monitoring system.
This paper proposes a robust and real-time capable algorithm for classification of the firstand second heart sounds. The classification algorithm is based on the evaluation of the envelope curveof ...the phonocardiogram. For the evaluation, in contrast to other studies, measurements on twelveprobands were conducted in different physiological conditions. Moreover, for each measurement theauscultation point, posture and physical stress were varied. The proposed envelope-based algorithmis tested with two different methods for envelope curve extraction: the Hilbert transform andthe short-time Fourier transform. The performance of the classification of the first heart soundsis evaluated by using a reference electrocardiogram. Overall, by using the Hilbert transform,the algorithm has a better performance regarding the F
-score and computational effort. Theproposed algorithm achieves for the S
classification an F
-score up to 95.7% and in average 90.5 %.The algorithm is robust against the age, BMI, posture, heart rate and auscultation point (exceptmeasurements on the back) of the subjects. The ECG and PCG records are available from the authors.
The radical cations of a family of π-conjugated porphyrin arrays have been investigated: linear chains of N = 1–6 porphyrins, a 6-porphyrin nanoring and a 12-porphyrin nanotube. The radical cations ...were generated in solution by chemical and electrochemical oxidation, and probed by vis–NIR–IR and EPR spectroscopies. The cations exhibit strong NIR bands at ∼1000 nm and 2000–5000 nm, which shift to longer wavelength with increasing oligomer length. Analysis of the NIR and IR spectra indicates that the polaron is delocalized over 2–3 porphyrin units in the linear oligomers. Some of the IR vibrational bands are strongly intensified on oxidation, and Fano-type antiresonances are observed when activated vibrations overlap with electronic transitions. The solution-phase EPR spectra of the radical cations have Gaussian lineshapes with linewidths proportional to N –0.5, demonstrating that at room temperature the spin hops rapidly over the whole chain on the time scale of the hyperfine coupling (ca. 100 ns). Direct measurement of the hyperfine couplings through electron–nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) in frozen solution (80 K) indicates distribution of the spin over 2–3 porphyrin units for all the oligomers, except the 12-porphyrin nanotube, in which the spin is spread over about 4–6 porphyrins. These experimental studies of linear and cyclic cations give a consistent picture, which is supported by DFT calculations and multiparabolic modeling with a reorganization energy of 1400–2000 cm–1 and coupling of 2000 cm–1 for charge transfer between neighboring sites, placing the system in the Robin–Day class III.
The piezoelectric effect, along with its associated materials, fascinated researchers in all areas of basic sciences and engineering due to its interesting properties and promising potentials. ...Sensing, actuation, and energy harvesting are major implementations of piezoelectric structures in structural health monitoring, wearable devices, and self-powered systems, to name only a few. The electrical or mechanical impedance of its structure plays an important role in deriving its equivalent model, which in turn helps to predict its behavior for any system-level application, such as with respect to the rectifiers containing diodes and switches, which represent a nonlinear electrical load. In this paper, we study the electrical impedance response of different sizes of commercial piezoelectric discs for a wide range of frequencies (without and with mechanical load for 0.1-1000 kHz with resolution 20 Hz). It shows significant changes in the position of resonant frequency and amplitude of resonant peaks for different diameters of discs and under varying mechanical load conditions, implying variations in the mechanical boundary conditions on the structure. The highlight of our work is the proposed electrical equivalent circuit model for varying mechanically loaded conditions with the help of impedance technique. Our approach is simple and reliable, such that it is suitable for any structure whose accurate material properties and dimensions are unknown.
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