Numerous studies have proposed biomarkers based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect and predict the risk of evolution toward Alzheimer's disease (AD). Most of these methods have focused on ...the hippocampus, which is known to be one of the earliest structures impacted by the disease. To date, patch-based grading approaches provide among the best biomarkers based on the hippocampus. However, this structure is complex and is divided into different subfields, not equally impacted by AD. Former in-vivo imaging studies mainly investigated structural alterations of these subfields using volumetric measurements and microstructural modifications with mean diffusivity measurements. The aim of our work is to improve the current classification performances based on the hippocampus with a new multimodal patch-based framework combining structural and diffusivity MRI. The combination of these two MRI modalities enables the capture of subtle structural and microstructural alterations. Moreover, we propose to study the efficiency of this new framework applied to the hippocampal subfields. To this end, we compare the classification accuracy provided by the different hippocampal subfields using volume, mean diffusivity, and our novel multimodal patch-based grading framework combining structural and diffusion MRI. The experiments conducted in this work show that our new multimodal patch-based method applied to the whole hippocampus provides the most discriminating biomarker for advanced AD detection while our new framework applied into subiculum obtains the best results for AD prediction, improving by two percentage points the accuracy compared to the whole hippocampus.
U.S. women who have been incarcerated report high rates of sexual risk behavior and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
We estimated the effect of incarceration on the time to first incident STI ...in a multicenter cohort of U.S. women with or at risk for HIV. We used marginal structural models to compare time to first self-reported gonorrhea, chlamydia, or trichomonas infection for nonincarcerated women and incarcerated women. Covariates included demographic factors, HIV status, sex exchange, drug/alcohol use, and prior incarceration.
Three thousand hundred twenty-four women contributed a median of 4 at-risk years and experienced 213 first incident STI events. The crude incidence of STIs was 3.7 per 100 person-years for incarcerated women and 1.9 per 100 person-years for nonincarcerated women. The weighted hazard ratio for incident STIs was 4.05 (95% confidence interval: 1.61-10.19).
Women with or at risk for HIV in the United States who have recently experienced incarceration may be at increased STI risk.
To report adverse device effects and annualized endothelial cell loss rate for up to 10 years after implantation of the Acrysof L-series Cachet phakic intraocular lens (pIOL).
Clinical centers in the ...United States, European Union, and Canada.
Nonrandomized clinical trial.
After implantation of the pIOL, the endothelial cell density (ECD) at follow-up evaluations was compared with the 6-month postoperative baseline. Adverse device effects were assessed.
This study assessed 638 patients (1087 eyes) from previous clinical trials. The mean central ECD change from baseline was -9.6% ± 8.3% (SD) (-1.7% annualized; 623 eyes) and -11.0% ± 9.9% (-1.7% annualized; 703 eyes) at 6 years and 7 years, respectively. The mean peripheral ECD change from baseline was -10.8% ± 8.7% (-2.0% annualized; 615 eyes) and -11.9% ± 10.0% (-1.8% annualized; 680 eyes), respectively. Endothelial cell loss greater than 30% from the preoperative baseline at any time after implantation affected 8.0% of all eyes. An ECD of 1500 cells/mm
or less at any time after implantation affected 2.7% of all eyes. The most common adverse device effects were peripheral iris adhesions (57 eyes 5.2%), corneal endothelial cell loss (42 eyes 3.9%), and pIOL explantation (37 eyes 3.4%).
Long-term evaluation of the pIOL showed a persistent ECD decrease in some eyes that was numerically larger than the annual rate expected with aging. Endothelial cell loss resulted in explantation in 3.1% of all eyes with the pIOL. Patients had no permanent vision loss. The manufacturer recommends that patients continue to be monitored and their corneal endothelium evaluated semiannually.
Non-monotonic catalytic behavior in an isoreticular MOF series results from subtle structural differences that alter the substrate binding energy.
Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) that catalyze ...hydrogenolysis reactions are rare and there is little understanding of how the MOF, hydrogen, and substrate molecules interact. In this regard, the isoreticular IRMOF-74 series, two of which are known catalysts for hydrogenolysis of aromatic C–O bonds, provides an unusual opportunity for systematic probing of these reactions. The diameter of the 1D open channels can be varied within a common topology owing to the common secondary building unit (SBU) and controllable length of the hydroxy-carboxylate struts. We show that the first four members of the IRMOF-74(Mg) series are inherently catalytic for aromatic C–O bond hydrogenolysis and that the conversion varies non-monotonically with pore size. These catalysts are recyclable and reusable, retaining their crystallinity and framework structure after the hydrogenolysis reaction. The hydrogenolysis conversion of phenylethylphenyl ether (PPE), benzylphenyl ether (BPE), and diphenyl ether (DPE) varies as PPE > BPE > DPE, consistent with the strength of the C–O bond. Counterintuitively, however, the conversion also follows the trend IRMOF-74(III) > IRMOF-74(IV) > IRMOF-74(II) > IRMOF-74(I), with little variation in the corresponding selectivity. DFT calculations suggest the unexpected behavior is due to much stronger ether and phenol binding to the Mg(
ii
) open metal sites (OMS) of IRMOF-74(III), resulting from a structural distortion that moves the Mg
2+
ions toward the interior of the pore. Solid-state
25
Mg NMR data indicate that both H
2
and ether molecules interact with the Mg(
ii
) OMS and hydrogen–deuterium exchange reactions show that these MOFs activate dihydrogen bonds. The results suggest that both confinement and the presence of reactive metals are essential for achieving the high catalytic activity, but that subtle variations in pore structure can significantly affect the catalysis. Moreover, they challenge the notion that simply increasing MOF pore size within a constant topology will lead to higher conversions.
Objective
To examine neural mechanisms of action in behavioral weight loss treatment (BWL) and explore neural and genetic predictors of BWL.
Methods
Neural activation to milkshake receipt and ...genetics were compared in 17 women with obesity who received 12 weeks of BWL and 17 women who received no intervention. Participants were scanned twice using functional magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and 12 weeks. Weight was assessed at baseline, 12, 36, and 60 weeks.
Results
BWL participants lost more weight than controls at 12 weeks (−4.82% versus −0.70%). After 12 weeks, BWL had greater reduction in right caudate activation response to milk shake receipt than did controls. Among BWL participants, baseline to 12‐week reduction in frontostriatal activation to milk shake predicted greater weight loss at 12, 36, and 60 weeks. Possessing the A/A or T/A genotype of the fat mass and obesity–associated (FTO) variant rs9939609 predicted greater weight loss at 12 and 36 weeks.
Conclusions
These preliminary data reveal that reduction in right caudate activation may be a neural mechanism of weight loss in BWL, and baseline FTO variant and reduction in frontostriatal activation during BWL predict short‐ and long‐term weight loss. These findings require replication in larger samples.
HCV was shed into the semen of one-third of HIV-infected MSM with recent or chronic HCV infection. Levels were plausibly sufficient to transmit HCV during unprotected anal intercourse, therefore ...condoms should be worn to prevent transmission.
Background.
The epidemic of sexually transmitted hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected men who have sex with men (MSM) has been documented for over a decade. Despite this, there is no consensus as to the risk factors for sexual acquisition of HCV in these men.
Methods.
We obtained paired semen and blood samples at 2-week intervals from HIV-infected MSM with recent and chronic HCV infection and quantified HCV in semen.
Results.
Hepatitis C virus was quantified in 59 semen specimens from 33 men. Hepatitis C virus was shed in 16 (27%) of semen specimens from 11 (33%) of the men. Median HCV viral load (VL) in semen was 1.49 log10 IU/mL. Hepatitis C virus VL in blood was significantly higher at the time of HCV shedding in semen than when HCV shedding in semen was not detected (P = .002). Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between the HCV VL in blood and semen overall (rs = 0.41; P = .001), and in the subgroup with recent HCV infection (rs = 0.37; P = .02), but not in the subgroup with chronic HCV infection (rs = 0.34; P = .1).
Conclusions.
One third of HIV-infected MSM coinfected with HCV shed HCV into their semen. Based on the HCV VL in semen in this study, an average ejaculate would deliver up to 6630 IU of virus into the rectum of the receptive partner. Therefore, our data strongly support that condoms should be used during anal intercourse among MSM to prevent transmission of HCV.
The Chicago Consensus Working Group provides multidisciplinary recommendations for the management of peritoneal mesothelioma. These guidelines are developed with input from leading experts including ...surgical oncologists, medical oncologists, pathologists, radiologists, palliative care physicians, and pharmacists. These guidelines recognize and address the emerging need for increased awareness of the appropriate management of peritoneal surface disease. They are not intended to replace the quest for higher levels of evidence.
Abstract
Extraneural metastatic disease resulting from a primary central nervous system neoplasm is a rare clinical finding in the pediatric population. We report a case of peritoneal glioblastoma ...carcinomatosis following placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt and chemoradiotherapy in a 6-year-old female patient who initially presented with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. This case demonstrates the importance of evaluation of extraspinal structures when imaging for extension of disease. Additionally, this report highlights the cross-sectional imaging characteristics of glioblastoma peritoneal carcinomatosis and presents additional information that will facilitate the timely diagnosis of extraneural metastases of primary high-grade glial neoplasms in the pediatric population.
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