What is already known about this topic:
(1) Childhood mental health problems are at alarming levels in Australia with around 1 in 8 children experiencing externalising or internalising behaviour ...problems.
(2) Parenting programs are an effective method of addressing childhood behaviour problems.
(3) Fathers enrol in parenting programs 5 times less often and have higher dropout rates than mothers.
What this paper adds:
(1) Fathers have a strong preference for parenting programs that focus on activities to do with their child, that run for 4-8 weeks, and are free or low-cost.
(2) Fathers do not have strong preferences around who they complete a parenting program with, or who facilitates the program.
(3) These findings provide the first step towards developing father-focused parenting programs.
Despite parenting programs providing benefits to parents and children, fathers enrol five times less often than mothers and dropout at higher rates. To better understand how to encourage father engagement, this study asked 55 Australian fathers about their preferences regarding six attributes of parenting programs: content; delivery method; participants; facilitator gender; program duration; and cost.
Participants were asked to complete an online experiment indicating the best and worst options presented within each attribute (e.g., comparing a parenting program delivered face-to-face, through zoom, online, via an app, or SMS-based).
Fathers showed a strong preference for a program that included child-focused activities rather than parenting-partner-focused activities. Delivering the program via SMS was the least preferred delivery method, but there were no strong preferences around who participated in the program or the facilitator gender. There was a strong preference for a one- to two-month duration and a no, or low-cost program.
These findings provide the first step towards developing father-focused parenting programs containing attributes that encourage father engagement.
ABSTRACT
Although there is increasing evidence of paternal influence on child outcomes such as language and cognition, researchers are not yet clear on the features of father–child play that are most ...valuable in terms of child development. Physical play such as rough and tumble play (RTP) is a favored type of father–child play in Western societies that has been linked to children's socioemotional competence. It is important, therefore, to determine the implications of this play for child development. In this review and meta‐analysis, associations between father–child physical play and child behavior were examined. The review also focused on study methods. Sixteen studies are reviewed, N = 1,521 father–child dyads, 35% boys. Study characteristics such as definitions of physical play, play settings, play measures, and coding were examined. The meta‐analysis found weak to moderate population effects for links between father–child physical play and child aggression, social competence, emotional skills, and self‐regulation. Research investigating the effect of father–child physical play on children's development will be improved when definitions clearly identify the nature of play, settings facilitate boisterous play, and measures include frequency and quality of play interactions. This play shows promise as an enhancer of positive father–child relationships and a catalyst for child development.
RESUMEN
A pesar de que se da una mayor evidencia de la influencia paterna en lo que resulta del niño en aspectos como el lenguaje y lo cognitivo, los investigadores no están aún claros en cuanto a cuáles son las características del juego entre papá y niño que tienen mayor validez en términos de desarrollo del niño. El juego físico, como el de tipo violento y brusco (RTP) es un tipo favorito de juego entre papá y niño en sociedades occidentales que se ha conectado con la competencia socio‐emocional de los niños. Es importante, por tanto, determinar las implicaciones que este juego tiene en cuanto al desarrollo del niño. En la presente revisión y meta‐análisis, se examinaron las asociaciones entre el juego físico papá‐niño y el comportamiento del niño. Esta revisión también se enfocó en los métodos de estudio. Dieciséis estudios se revisan, N = 1,521 de díadas papá‐niño, 35% varoncitos. Se examinaron características del estudio tales como definiciones del juego físico, escenarios de juego, medidas de juego y codificación. El meta‐análisis encontró que los efectos en la población eran entre débiles y moderados para las conexiones entre el juego físico papá‐niño y la agresividad del niño, la competencia social, las habilidades emocionales y la autorregulación. La investigación con énfasis en el efecto del juego físico papá‐niño en el desarrollo de los niños se mejorará cuando las definiciones claramente identifiquen la naturaleza del juego y las medidas incluyan la frecuencia y calidad de las interacciones de juego. Este juego es prometedor como un factor de mejoramiento de positivas relaciones papá‐niño y es un catalizador para el desarrollo del niño.
RÉSUMÉ
Bien qu'il y ait de plus en plus de preuves de l'influence des pères sur les résultats de l'enfant tels que le langage ou la cognition, les chercheurs ne sont pas encore certains des traits du jeu père‐enfant qui sont les plus précieux en terme de développement de l'enfant. Le jeu physique comme le jeu de chahut‐bagarre (abrégé en anglais RTP) est un type privilégié de jeu père‐enfant dans les sociétés occidentales qui a été lié à la compétence socioémotionnelle des enfants. Il est donc important de déterminer les implications de ce jeu sur le développement de l'enfant. Dans cette revue et méta‐analyse les liens entre le jeu physique père‐enfant et le comportement de l'enfant sont établis. Le compte‐rendu met aussi l'accent sur les méthodes d’étude. Seize études sont passées en revue, N = 1 521 dyades père‐enfant, 35% de garçons. Les caractéristiques des études, telles que les définitions du jeu physique, les contextes de jeu, les mesures de jeu, le codage du jeu ont été examinées. La méta‐analyse a trouvé des effets de population faibles à modérés pour les liens entre le jeu physique père‐enfant et l'agression de l'enfant, la compétence sociale, les compétences émotionnelles et l'auto‐régulation. Les recherches portant sur l'efffet du jeu physique père‐enfant sur le développement des enfants seront améliorées lorsque les définitions identifieront clairement la nature du jeu et les contextes qui facilitent le jeu tapageur et turbulent, et lorsque les mesures incluront la fréquence et la qualité des interactions de jeu. Ce type de jeu s'avérer rehausser les relations père‐enfant positives et s'avérer être un catalyseur du développement de l'enfant.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Obwohl es immer mehr Hinweise auf den Einfluss der Väter auf die Entwicklungsergebnisse von Kindern wie Sprache und Kognition gibt, sind sich die Forscher noch nicht einig, welche Merkmale des Vater‐Kind‐Spiels für die Entwicklung des Kindes am wertvollsten sind. Körperliches Spiel wie Raufen und Kämpfen im Spiel (“rough and tumble play”, RTP) ist in westlichen Gesellschaften eine bevorzugte Form des Vater‐Kind‐Spiels, die mit der sozialen und emotionalen Kompetenz von Kindern verknüpft ist. Es ist daher wichtig, die Auswirkungen dieses Spiels auf die Entwicklung des Kindes zu bestimmen. In diesem Review bzw. dieser Meta‐Analyse wurden Assoziationen zwischen körperlichen Vater‐Kind‐Spiel und dem Verhalten des Kindes untersucht. Ein weiterer Fokus des Reviews lag auf den Untersuchungsmethoden. Sechzehn Studien wurden einbezogen, N = 1.521 Vater‐Kind‐Dyaden, 35% Jungen. Untersucht wurden Studienmerkmale wie Definitionen von körperlichem Spiel, Rahmenbedingungen sowie Messungen und Kodierungen des Spiels. Die Meta‐Analyse fand schwache bis mäige Effekte für Assoziationen zwischen körperlichem Vater‐Kind‐Spiel und Aggression, sozialer Kompetenz, emotionalen Fähigkeiten und Selbstregulierung des Kindes. Die Forschung zur Untersuchung des Einflusses von Vater‐Kind‐Spiel auf die Entwicklung der Kinder wird verbessert, wenn die Definitionen die Natur des Spiels klar herausstellen, die Rahmenbedingungen ein ausgelassenes Spiel erleichtern und die Häufigkeit und Qualität der Spielinteraktionen berücksichtigt werden. Dieses Spiel ist ein vielversprechender Förderer positiver Vater‐Kind‐Beziehungen und ein Katalysator für die kindliche Entwicklung.
抄録
父親と子どもの荒っぽい取っ組み合い遊びRough‐And‐Tumble Playの測定と、その子どもの行動との関係
言語や認知などの子どもの発達結果への父親の影響に関する根拠は増加しているが、子どもの発達に関して最も貴重な父親と子どもの遊びの特徴について、研究者は未だに明らかにしていない。荒っぽい取っ組みあい遊び rough and tumble play (RTP) のような身体的な遊びは、西洋社会においては好まれるタイプの父親と子どもの遊びであり、子どもの社会感情的能力に関連付けられてきた。そこで、この遊びが子どもの発達に対して持つ意味を究明することは重要である。このレビューとメタ分析において、父親と子どもの身体的遊びと子どもの行動の間の関連が検証された。レビューはまた、研究方法についても焦点付けした。 16 研究、 N = 1,521 組の父親と子ども、男児 35%、がレビューされた。研究の特徴、たとえば身体的遊びの定義、遊びの設定、遊びの測定法とコード化法が検証された。メタ分析から、父親と子どもの身体的遊びと、子どもの攻撃性、社会的能力、感情のスキル emotional skills 、および自己調整との間の関連に、弱いから中等度の集団効果が見られた。父親と子どもの身体的遊びが子どもの発達に与える影響を調査する研究は、定義により遊びの性質を明確に特定できる時、設定が乱暴な遊びを促進できるとき、そして測定に遊び相互交流の頻度と質が含まれるとき、改善されるだろう。この遊びは、ポジティブな父親と子どもの関係性を増強するものとして、そして子どもの発達の触媒として、かなりの見込みを示す。
摘要
父親 ‐ 兒童打鬧遊戲測量及其與兒童行為的關係
雖然越來越多證據顯示父親對兒童結果, 如語言和認知的影響, 研究人員還未清楚父子遊戲在兒童發展方面最有價值的特徵。運動遊戲如打鬧遊戲 (RTP) 是西方社會中最受歡迎的父子遊戲, 這遊戲與兒童社會心理能力有關。因此, 確定打鬧遊戲對兒童發展的影響至為重要。在這次審查和薈萃分析中, 我們研究父親子女運動遊戲和兒童行為的關聯。審查也側重於研究方法。薈萃分析審查了 16 項研究, N = 1,521 名父親子女組合, 35%的男孩。研究查考特徵如打鬧遊戲的定義丶遊戲設置丶遊戲測量方法和編碼等。薈萃分析發現, 父子運動遊戲和兒童的攻擊行為丶社交能力丶情感技能和自我調節的聯繫之族群效應是微弱至中等。當定義明確地確定遊戲性質, 設置促進喧鬧遊戲, 以及測量方法包括遊戲頻率和質量時, 調查父子運動遊戲如何影響兒童發展的研究, 將會得到改善。這類遊戲有希望增強積極的父親子女關係, 也是促進兒童發展的催化劑。
ملخص
قياس لعب المطاردة والمصارعة(RTP) بين الأب والطفل وعلاقته بالسلوك
بالرغم من وجود دلائل كثيرة عن تأثير الوالدين على مخرجات الطفل مثل اللغة والمعرفة فإن الباحثين ليسوا على يقين حتى الآن حول الخصائص الأكثر أهمية للنمو في لعب الأب مع الطفل. اللعب البدني والمعروف بالمطاردة والمصارعة (rough and tumble RTP) هو نوع مفضل من لعب الأب والطفل في المجتمعات الغربية والمرتبط بالكفاءة الاجتماعية العاطفية للأطفال. ولذلك يتوجب تحديد مدلولات هذا النوع من اللعب بالنسبة لنمو الطفل وتطوره. في هذا الاستعراض البحثي نتناول الارتباطات بين اللعب البدني للأب والطفل والسلوك الناتج من الأطفال. كما نركز على طرق البحث المتبعة في هذه الدراسات. تم استعراض 16 دراسة تشمل 1521 ثنائي لعب بين الأطفال والآباء منهم 35% أولاد ذكور. وتم مقارنة سمات الدراسة مثل تعريفات اللعب البدني وسياقات اللعب وكيفية ترميز التفاعلات. توصل التحليل البحثي إلى وجود تأثيرات لنوع عينة البحث بين ضعيفة ومتوسطة على الارتباطات بين لعب الأب البدني وعدوانية الطفل والكفاية الاجتماعية والمهارات العاطفية والتنظيم الذاتي. سوف تتحسن الأبحاث التي تتناول تأثيراللعب البدني للأب على نمو الطفل عندما تتناول التعريفات تحديد طبيعى اللعب بوضوح وتساعد السياقات على تيسير اللعب الصاخب الحيوي وتتضمن المقاييس مدى تواتر ونوعية تفاعلات اللعب. يمثل هذا النوع من اللعب عنصرا مشجعا كمحسن للعلاقات الإيجابية بين الأب والطفل ومحفز لنماء الطفل.
β-Lactamases are a major threat to the clinical use of carbapenems, which are often antibiotics of last resort. Despite this, the reaction outcomes and mechanisms by which β-lactamases degrade ...carbapenems are still not fully understood. The carbapenem bicyclic core consists of a β-lactam ring fused to a pyrroline ring. Following β-lactamase-mediated opening of the β-lactam, the pyrroline may interconvert between an enamine (2-pyrroline) form and two epimeric imine (1-pyrroline) forms; previous crystallographic and spectroscopic studies have reported all three of these forms in the contexts of hydrolysis by different β-lactamases. As we show by NMR spectroscopy, the serine β-lactamases (KPC-2, SFC-1, CMY-10, OXA-23, and OXA-48) and metallo-β-lactamases (NDM-1, VIM-1, BcII, CphA, and L1) tested all degrade carbapenems to preferentially give the Δ
(enamine) and/or (R)-Δ
(imine) products. Rapid non-enzymatic tautomerisation of the Δ
product to the (R)-Δ
product prevents assignment of the nascent enzymatic product by NMR. The observed stereoselectivity implies that carbapenemases control the form of their pyrroline ring intermediate(s)/product(s), thereby preventing pyrroline tautomerisation from inhibiting catalysis.
Exposure to early life stress has been linked to impairment in cognitive functioning in adulthood. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature on the relationship between early ...life stress and working memory, a central component of cognitive functioning. Database searches yielded 358 abstracts matching the search terms. Abstract screening followed by full-text review resulted in 26 publications suitable for inclusion, of which 23 were included in the meta-analysis. Results of the meta-analysis suggested exposure to early life stress was associated with poorer working memory. Even though there were a wide variety of working memory tasks used, this effect was significant for both phonological and visuospatial working memory tasks, and both visual and aural task presentation modalities. The effect was also found in samples with and without clinical psychopathology. This review provides recommendations for future research and implications for clinical practice.
Zeolites are porous aluminosilicate materials that find various applications in the chemical industry in separations, catalysis, ion exchange, and so forth. However, despite their widespread use, the ...reaction mechanisms occurring during zeolite growth are still unclear. Herein, we use density functional theory calculations to gain insights into the thermodynamics of oligomerization, which constitute the initial steps of zeolite growth. By taking into consideration solvent and temperature effects, our results demonstrate that the growth of aluminosilicate systems is significantly more exothermic than their pure silicate counterparts. Under pH neutral conditions, water prefers to dissociate on the early‐growth‐stage aluminosilicate complexes rather than desorb, thus generating potential Brønsted acid sites on the oligomers. Additionally, (alumino)silicate growth pathways are evaluated in the presence of Na+ cation, as well as the Ca2+ cation for the pure silicate pathway. The presence of cations increases the exothermicity of growth, with Ca2+ exhibiting the most energetically favorable growth environment for the silicate systems. Importantly, we demonstrate through reaction extent analysis that the presence of cations modulates the speciation of the formed oligomers, with Na+ favoring linear species in addition to the generally preferred cyclic ones. Overall, this work provides a fundamental understanding of the thermodynamics of complex reaction paths that occur during early stages of zeolite growth and suggests that the initial growth steps can have significant impact on the final zeolite structure.
To date, health-effects research on environmental stressors has rarely focused on behavioral and mental health outcomes. That lack of research is beginning to change. Science and policy experts in ...the environmental and behavioral health sciences are coming together to explore converging evidence on the relationship-harmful or beneficial-between environmental factors and mental health.
To organize evidence and catalyze new findings, the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) hosted a workshop 2-3 February 2021 on the interplay of environmental exposures and mental health outcomes.
This commentary provides a nonsystematic, expert-guided conceptual review and interdisciplinary perspective on the convergence of environmental and mental health, drawing from hypotheses, findings, and research gaps presented and discussed at the workshop. Featured is an overview of what is known about the intersection of the environment and mental health, focusing on the effects of neurotoxic pollutants, threats related to climate change, and the importance of health promoting environments, such as urban green spaces.
We describe what can be gained by bridging environmental and psychological research disciplines and present a synthesis of what is needed to advance interdisciplinary investigations. We also consider the implications of the current evidence for
) foundational knowledge of the etiology of mental health and illness,
) toxicant policy and regulation,
) definitions of climate adaptation and community resilience,
) interventions targeting marginalized communities, and
) the future of research training and funding. We include a call to action for environmental and mental health researchers, focusing on the environmental contributions to mental health to unlock primary prevention strategies at the population level and open equitable paths for preventing mental disorders and achieving optimal mental health for all. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9889.
Energetic, competitive, body-contact play (rough and tumble play (RTP)) is commonly observed among young children and is reported as an important feature of father-child relationships. Animal studies ...have demonstrated positive developmental effects of peer-peer play-wrestling, influencing cognitive and social outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the nature of RTP between father and child and its relationship to child development and to describe a theoretically informed measure of the quality of father-child RTP.
Parent–child interactions are critical for a child’s overall wellbeing and growth, however there are differences in the types of interactions that mothers and fathers engage in. For example, fathers ...often utilize physical play, such as Rough-and-Tumble Play (RTP), to interact and bond with their child. Father-child RTP appears to contribute to a range of child outcomes, including social, emotional cognitive and behaviour development. Given the now robust evidence for these benefits of father–child play and RTP specifically, there is a need for a more complete understanding of the factors that contribute to the quality of fathers’ RTP. This study examined the association between quality of father–toddler RTP and a range of paternal characteristics, parenting factors, child demographics and child developmental domains. The study included 64 sets of parents (mothers and fathers) and their toddler (age 18–24 months). Parent-reported questionnaires (demographic information, frequency of father–toddler RTP, father parenting stress, and child social-emotional development) were collected, observations of child developmental attainment (Bayley-III) completed and father–toddler RTP play interactions were rated for quality. We found that RTP for fathers who engaged in more father–toddler RTP, whose children were older and more socially-emotionally mature, was rated as higher quality in their RTP. By demonstrating links of RTP quality with both parenting behaviour and child development, this study contributes to a more complete understanding of the nature and context of father–child interactions. Father–child physical play, including RTP, may present an opportunity for professionals to bring fathers into their work with families.
Highlights
When fathers engage in physical play with their children, it is generally more stimulating, vigorous and arousing for the child than mothers’ play.
The frequency of rough and tumble play is closely related to the quality of the play
The quality of rough and tumble play is linked to children’s age and social-emotional maturity.
Working Memory Power Test for Children Chalmers, Kerry A.; Freeman, Emily E.
Journal of psychoeducational assessment,
02/2019, Letnik:
37, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Low working memory (WM) capacity has been linked to poor academic performance and problem behaviour. Availability of easy-to-administer screening tests would facilitate early detection of WM ...deficits. This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Working Memory Power Test for Children (WMPT) in 170 Australian schoolchildren (8½-11 years). Reliability (internal consistency) and validity of WMPT accuracy scores were examined. WMPT accuracy predicted achievement in reading, numeracy, and spelling. The results provide preliminary evidence of reliability and validity that supports interpretation of the WMPT accuracy score. With additional research, the WMPT could be valuable as an easy-to-administer screener for WM deficits. Author abstract
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