Coral reefs are losing the capacity to sustain their biological functions
. In addition to other well-known stressors, such as climatic change and overfishing
, plastic pollution is an emerging ...threat to coral reefs, spreading throughout reef food webs
, and increasing disease transmission and structural damage to reef organisms
. Although recognized as a global concern
, the distribution and quantity of plastics trapped in the world's coral reefs remains uncertain
. Here we survey 84 shallow and deep coral ecosystems at 25 locations across the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian ocean basins for anthropogenic macrodebris (pollution by human-generated objects larger than 5 centimetres, including plastics), performing 1,231 transects. Our results show anthropogenic debris in 77 out of the 84 reefs surveyed, including in some of Earth's most remote and near-pristine reefs, such as in uninhabited central Pacific atolls. Macroplastics represent 88% of the anthropogenic debris, and, like other debris types, peak in deeper reefs (mesophotic zones at 30-150 metres depth), with fishing activities as the main source of plastics in most areas. These findings contrast with the global pattern observed in other nearshore marine ecosystems, where macroplastic densities decrease with depth and are dominated by consumer items
. As the world moves towards a global treaty to tackle plastic pollution
, understanding its distribution and drivers provides key information to help to design the strategies needed to address this ubiquitous threat.
Transition moments play a major role in match outcome and constitute an important part of the soccer coaching process. Nevertheless, the body of literature on match analysis reveals a lack of ...knowledge regarding transition moments, particularly the defensive ones. This study aimed to analyse how several situational and performance variables were associated with different defensive transition outcomes. A sample of 977 defensive transitions from 15 matches of FIFA World Cup 2018 was coded using a bespoke observational system. Data were analysed through log-linear modelling and Pearson’s chi-square. Regarding performance variables, final position (p ≤ 0.001; ES = 0.390≥0.290; large effect size), duration (p ≤ 0.001; ES = 0.2060.07; 0.21), defensive approach (p ≤ 0.001; ES = 0.4190.30; 0.50), defensive pressure (p ≤ 0.001; ES = 0.1470.05; 0.15; medium effect sizes), numerical relations (p ≤ 0.05; ES = 0.1130.07; 0.21), initial position (p ≤ 0.05; ES = 0.0920.06; 0.17), initial number of zones (p ≤ 0.05; ES = 0.0830.05; 0.15), final number of zones (p ≤ 0.001; ES = 0.1120.05; 0.15) and defensive coverage (p ≤ 0.001; ES = 0.1300.05; 0.15; small effect sizes) were significantly associated with the defensive transitions outcomes. A small-sized and non-significant association (p = 0.126; ES = 0.0800.07; 0.21) was found for type of ball loss. Concerning the situational variables, a small-sized and significant association between match outcome and defensive transitions outcome was identified (p ≤ 0.05; ES = 0.0920.07; 0.21). Our findings provide new knowledge on factors that influence team success in defensive transitions. The coaching staff should be aware that the exploitation of areas behind the most retreated player of the midfield sector ought to be avoided. Furthermore, a reduction in the space available to ball carriers and an increased effort to quickly recover possession should be encouraged.
INTRODUÇÃO: No Brasil, a maior diversidade de flebotomíneos é encontrada na Região Amazônica, principalmente em floresta primária de terra-firme. No entanto, sua fauna ainda é pouco conhecida em ...outros ecossistemas desta região. MÉTODOS: a fim de conhecer a fauna de flebotomíneos de outro ecossistema amazônico, coletas com armadilhas de luz CDC foram realizadas em uma área de campina/campinarana na zona periurbana da Cidade de Manaus. RESULTADOS: foram capturados 814 flebotomíneos de 26 espécies, sendo as mais abundantes: Lutzomyia flaviscutellata (64,5%); Lutzomyia georgii (14%); Lutzomyia olmeca nociva (8,1%); Lutzomyia furcata (3,2%); Lutzomyia monstruosa (1,3%); Lutzomyia umbratilis (1,1%) outros (7,8%). CONCLUSÕES: Campina/campinarana revelou-se de grande importância epidemiológica devido a elevada abundância de Lutzomyia flaviscutellata e Lutzomyia olmeca nociva, ambas vetoras de Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. Com base nestas informações, será possível traçar metas para estudos parasitológicos e conscientizar pesquisadores e estudantes, que mantém constante exposição nesta área realizando trabalhos de pesquisa, sobre o possível risco de contaminação por Leishmania.
ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the impact of a ventilatory weaning protocol on the weaning quality and on the outcomes of the patients. Method: a quasi-experimental quantitative study, consisting of ...comparing a prospective study with a retrospective study. Data was collected through a weaning log sheet applied between September and December 2015 at an intensive care unit in northern Portugal following the implementation of a weaning protocol and compared with a base-line constituted in the year preceding the implementation of the ventilatory weaning protocol. Results: the experimental group had a score mean of higher overall quality of weaning, with a reduction in the timing for initiating the weaning in 27.3% and the weaning time in 36.6%. Conclusion: the implementation of the ventilatory weaning protocol improved the overall quality of the weaning, facilitating the identification of patients with criteria to initiate the process, starting earlier, resulting in a reduction in ventilatory weaning time.
RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de un protocolo de interrupción de la ventilación mecánica sobre la calidad de dicha interrupción y sobre los resultados de los pacientes. Método: estudio cuantitativo cuasi-experimental conformado por la comparación de un estudio prospectivo con uno retrospectivo. Los datos se recibieron a través de una planilla de registro de interrupción de la ventilación mecánica aplicada entre septiembre y diciembre de 2015 en una unidad de cuidados intensivos del norte de Portugal, después de implementarse un protocolo de interrupción de la ventilación mecánica, y se los comparó con una línea de referencia constituida el año anterior a la implementación del protocolo de interrupción de la ventilación mecánica. Resultados: en el grupo experimental se obtuvo un puntaje medio de calidad global de la interrupción de la ventilación mecánica superior, con lo que se verificó una reducción del 27,3% en el timing de inicio de dicha interrupción y del 36,6% en el tiempo de ese proceso. Conclusión: implementar el protocolo de interrupción de la ventilación mecánica mejoró la calidad global de la interrupción de la ventilación mecánica, facilitando así la identificación de los pacientes que presentaban criterios para iniciar el proceso, comenzarlo más tempranamente y con una disminución resultante en el tiempo de la interrupción de la ventilación mecánica.
RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar o impacto de um protocolo de desmame ventilatório na qualidade do desmame e nos outcomes dos doentes. Método: estudo quantitativo quase-experimental, composto pela comparação de um estudo prospectivo com um estudo retrospectivo. Os dados foram recolhidos através de uma folha de registro de desmame aplicada entre setembro e dezembro de 2015, em uma unidade de terapia intensiva do norte de Portugal, após a implementação de um protocolo de desmame, sendo comparados com uma base-line constituída no ano anterior à implementação do protocolo de desmame ventilatório. Resultados: o grupo experimental teve uma média de score de qualidade global do desmame superior, verificando-se uma redução do timing de início do desmame em 27,3% e do tempo de desmame em 36,6%. Conclusão: a implementação do protocolo de desmame ventilatório melhorou a qualidade global do desmame, facilitando a identificação dos doentes com critérios para iniciar o processo, iniciando o mesmo mais precocemente, resultando numa diminuição do tempo de desmame ventilatório.
In Brazil, the largest diversity of phlebotomines is found in the Amazon region, particularly in undisturbed terra-firma forest. However, the phlebotomine fauna in other ecosystems of this region is ...still not well known.
In order to investigate the phlebotomine fauna of another Amazon ecosystem, collections were made using CDC light traps in the campina/campinarana ecosystems in the periurban zone of the city of Manaus.
Eight hundred and fourteen phlebotomines of 26 species were captured, of which the most abundant were: Lutzomyia flaviscutellata (64.5%); Lutzomyia georgii (14%); Lutzomyia olmeca nociva (8.1%); Lutzomyia furcata (3.2%); Lutzomyia monstruosa (1.3%); Lutzomyia umbratilis (1.1%); and others (7.8%).
The campina/campinarana ecosystems showed great epidemiological importance because of the high abundance of Lutzomyia flaviscutellata and Lutzomyia olmeca nociva, which are both vectors of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. Based on this information, it will be possible to outline goals for parasitological studies and raise awareness among researchers and students who are constantly exposed in these areas while conducting research work, regarding the possible risk of contamination by Leishmania.
Purpose: To compare the incidence of complications between manual and femtosecond-laser assisted surgery for intrastromal corneal ring segments (ICRS) implantation.
Material and methods: This study ...included keratoconus patients who had ICRS implantation using manual dissection and using the femtosecond laser with a minimum follow-up of 12 months. Uncorrected (UDVA) corrected (CDVA) distance visual acuity (CDVA), refraction, corneal topography and aberrometry, pachymetry map and slit-lamp microscopy were assessed before and after surgery.
Results: The study included 265 eyes in the manual group and 111 in the femtosecond laser group. In the manual group, there were complications in 48 eyes (18.11%); while in the femtosecond laser 4 eyes had a complication (3.6%). In the manual group, the most frequent complications were ICRS exchange/adjustment for visual and refractive enhancement (25 eyes; 9.43%) and late ICRS spontaneous extrusion (15 eyes; 5.66%). In the manual group, 81.25% of complications were observed during the first 3 years of surgeon's experience. Eyes who suffered a complication had preoperatively higher mean refractive (p = .002) and topographic cylinder (p = .003) and lower UDVA (p = .005) and CDVA (p = .002). After a second surgical procedure for complication management visual, refractive and topographic outcomes significantly improved.
Conclusion: Manual mechanical ICRS surgery shows a higher rate of intra- and postoperative mechanical and refractive complications when compared to femtosecond laser assisted technique. The incidence is specially higher during the surgeon's first years of implementation of the technique.
Cleaning symbiosis is a cooperative interspecific interaction among reef fishes that helps to maintain healthy marine communities. Despite its importance, our knowledge on the cleaner role of many ...species, and on the costs and benefits of these interactions, is still scarce. Here, we report for the first time an adult Guinean angelfish Holacanthus africanus acting as cleaner of the smaller client blackbar soldierfish Myripristis jacobus in the remote Cabo Verde Archipelago, Eastern Atlantic. Adult angelfish cleaning behaviour is a rare juvenile trait retention, which based on our observations could have a negative effect on smaller clients. This negative effect can be associated with the fish's extra lower jaw joint, adapted to extract sessile invertebrates from the substrate, which can remove the client's tissues during the cleaning attempt. Thus, although cleaning interactions have been viewed as examples of marine mutualisms, the costs and benefits of cleaning for cleaners and clients require more studies. Our study also builds on the scarce information on cleaning behaviour of adult fishes and offers highlights on this symbiosis in isolated locations with low species richness and absence of dedicated cleaners.
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