In this article, carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) and (3-carboxypropyl) trimethylammonium chloride (CPTC) were used as raw materials to prepare an antibacterial cotton fabric with excellent laundering ...durability. CMC was first anchored to the surface of cotton fiber via esterification between the carboxyl groups of CMC and the hydroxyl groups of the cellulose molecules on the cotton fiber surface, and then the CPTC was linked to the CMC chains via amidation to the amino groups of the grafted CMC chains. The antibacterial tests showed that the bacteriostatic reduction rate (BR) of the finished cotton fabric against
S. aureus
and
E. coli
was above 99.9%, and the BR value of modified cotton fabric remained above 99.9% even after 120 laundering cycles. The results of cytotoxicity, vapor transmissibility, and tensile strength of the fabric samples, as well as the evaluation of water absorption and flexibility show that the modified cotton fabrics are safe and comfortable.
In the textile industry, the use of naturally occurring antibacterial products in simple one-pot finishing processes is recommended. In this study, we present a clean technology using betaine (Bet) ...as the finishing reagent for preparation antibacterial fabrics. The reactive carboxyl group of Bet binds to the cellulosic fibers of fabrics via esterification, while the quaternary ammonium moiety of this compound exerts the antibacterial effect. Analyses show that the antibacterial efficiencies of Bet-modified cotton fabrics against
E. coli
and
S. aureus
are as high as 99.0 and 99.3%, respectively. Furthermore, these fabrics are highly durable against washing, with antibacterial activities greater than 91.5% after 20 washing cycles, and they display an excellent anti-protein adsorption property. The modification process proposed herein does not compromise the original properties of the fabric, and according to cytotoxicity tests, the modified fabrics are safe to wear against human skin. Overall, the fabric treatment process designed in this study constitutes a novel approach to the development of green finishing technologies in the textile field.
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) have outstanding antimicrobial effect, but covalent immobilization of plentiful QAC onto cotton fiber surface to realize a durable function remains a challenge. ...Herein, a quaternary ammonium monomer, 2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl trimethylammonium chloride (DMC) was co-polymerized with methyl acrylate (MA) to prepare an antibacterial copolymer, poly(DMC-co-MA). To graft the copolymer with an improved grafting efficiency, cotton fabric was treated using carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) to establish an amino-functionalized fiber surface first. This treatment allows the amidation reactions between the amino groups and the pendant ester groups in the poly(DMC-co-MA) to take place, achieving a durable anionic polymer coating onto the fiber surfaces with remarkably antibacterial effect. Characterization results indicated that when DMC/MA monomer ratio was 100:1, the resulting copolymer endows the modified cotton fabric with antibacterial capability that inactivates all Escherichia coli (
E. coli
) and Staphylococcus aureus (
S. aureus
). Even after 50 laundering cycles, more than 98.0% of the antibacterial rate could still be retained. Moreover, the wearing comfort properties such as softness, water absorption and air permeability of the finishing cotton fabrics have been insignificantly changed by comparing to the untreated cotton fabric.
We report here a simple and effective method applying a combination of chitosan (Cs) and Cu(II) ion to fabricate antibacterial cotton fabric with a remarkable durability against laundering. The ...antibacterial fabric was prepared by grafting Cs onto cotton fibers through a succinic acid linkage, following with loading Cu(II) ions by the coordination effect. The modified fabric achieved 100% bacterial reduction (BR) rates against both
S. aureus
and
E. coli
, and remarkable laundering durability was confirmed even after 100 washing cycles. Moreover, longer Cs chains grafted on fibers shown enhanced chelating capability with Cu(II) ions. When compared to copper nanoparticles, our strategy has advantages in terms of low dosage of Cu(II), reasonable cost, simple process, reduced environmental hazards, and improved antibacterial durability. This work is believed to be a practical strategy for developing environment-friendly and cost-effective long-acting antibacterial cotton textiles.
When copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) were applied as an antimicrobial agent to finish cotton fabrics, there are two issues should be solved: the oxidization and the weak adsorbability onto cotton fiber ...surface. In the present work, we developed a new method that can achieve both immobilization and protection of the Cu NPs at the same time. As an effective binder, thioglycolic acid (TGA) was covalently linked to cotton fiber surface via an esterification with the hydroxyl groups of cellulose, then Cu NPs were introduced on the fabric surface in the presence of a protective reagent, citric acid. Due to the doubled stabilization acts of TGA and citric acid, the Cu NPs immobilized on the fabric surface showed an excellent antibacterial effect and outstanding laundering durability. Even after 50 consecutive laundering tests, the modified cotton fabrics still showed satisfactory antibacterial ability against both
S. aureus
and
E. coli
, which the bacterial reduction rates are all higher than 96 %. It is believed that this methodology has potential applications in a wide variety of textile productions such as sportswear, socks, and medical textiles.
Here, we report on using chemical vapor deposition to generate three kinds of gallium sulfide nanosheets, with thicknesses of approximately 10, 40, and 170 nm. Next, we performed Raman imaging ...analysis on these nanosheets to evaluate their properties. The 10 nm GaS nanosheets exhibited a nearly equal distribution of Raman imaging intensity, whereas the 40 and 170 nm GaS nanosheets exhibited an inclination toward the edges with higher Raman intensity. When the polarization of the laser was changed, the intensity of Raman imaging of the 10 nm thick GaS nanosheets remained consistent when illuminated with a 532 nm laser. Notably, a greater Raman intensity was discernible at the edges of the 40 and 170 nm GaS nanosheets. Three distinct GaS nanosheet devices with different film thicknesses were fabricated, and their photocurrents were recorded. The devices were exposed to light of 455 nm wavelength. The GaS nanosheet devices with film thicknesses of 40 and 170 nm exhibited a positive photoresponse even though the photocurrents were fairly low. In contrast, the GaS nanosheet device with a film thickness of 10 nm had a considerable current without light, even though it had a weak reaction to light. This study reveals the different spatial patterns of Raman imaging with GaS thickness, the wavelength of excitation light, and polarization. Remarkably, the I-V diagram revealed a higher dark-field current of 800 nA in the device with a GaS nanosheet thickness of approximately 10 nm, when using a voltage of 1.5 V and a laser of 445 nm wavelength. These findings are comparable with those theretical pretictions in the existing literature. In conclusion, the observation above could serve as a catalyst for future exploration into photocatalysis, electrochemical hydrogen production through water splitting, energy storage, nonlinear optics, gas sensing, and ultraviolet selective photodetectors of GaS nanosheet-based photodetectors.
In this work, we developed a new method that can achieve immobilization and protection of the Cu NPs coating on the cotton fabrics by a simple two-step impregnation method. Firstly, L-cysteine (Cys) ...was grafted onto cotton fabric via esterification with the hydroxyl groups of cellulose, then Cu NPs were introduced on the fabric surface in the presence of a protective reagent, citric acid. Due to the doubled stabilization acts of Cys and citric acid, the Cu NPs immobilized on the fabric surface showed an excellent antibacterial effect and outstanding laundering durability. As a result, the mean size of the Cu NPs coating on the cotton fabric is about 62.4 nm, and the modified cotton fabrics showed satisfactory antibacterial ability against both
S. aureus
and
E. coli
, which the bacterial reduction rates are all higher than 98 % even withstand 50 washing cycles. Therefore, this method to prepare antibacterial cotton fabrics showed great potential applications in socks, cosmetic, and medical textiles.
Cotton is often modified to minimize its disadvantages during textile processing. However, most finishing methods suffer from difficulties in finding finishing reagents and chemical aids. Here, we ...report a novel strategy based on a combination of the pad-dry-cure method and the construction of surface coating to expand the scope of the finishing reagent and simplify the finishing process. Polyacrylic acid (PAA) oligomer was first grafted onto cotton fiber surfaces via esterification between the carboxyl groups of PAA and the hydroxyl groups of the cellulose molecules on the cotton fiber surface. Hexadecanol was then reacted with the residual carboxyl groups of the PAA to build a lipid layer on the cotton fiber surfaces. The enhanced adsorption capability for hydrophobic molecules was verified via three reagents: stearyl trimethyl ammoium bromide (STAB), 9,10-dihydro-9-oxaco-10-phospho-10-oxide (DOPO), and 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid hexadecyl ester (Cyasorb 2908), which they offered bacterial-, flame-, and UV-resistance to the cotton fabrics, respectively. This strategy can lead to finishing technologies suitable for scale-up in the textile industry.
Graphic abstract
A simple pad-dry-cure modification process is proposed to prepare the antibacterial cotton fabrics with durable antibacterial properties. Two natural antibacterial materials, carboxymethyl chitosan ...(CMC) and betaine (Bet), were grafted on cotton fiber surface to achieve the goal. FTIR-ATR and XPS results reveal that esterification and amidation reactions have taken place between the CMC, Bet, and the cellulose chains on the surface of cotton fibers. Antibacterial evaluation results confirm the antibacterial capability and the durability of the modified fabrics. The bacterial reduction (BR) rates against
Escherichia coli
(
E. coli
) and
Staphylococcus aureus
(
S. aureus
) are higher than 99.99 % and can be kept at a level higher than 95 % even after 20 washing cycles. According to the XRD results presented, the entire modification process wreaks little damage to the crystalline structure of the cotton fabric. Especially, both the water vapor permeability and water absorption capability were improved (371.1 g/m
2
/d and 198 %, respectively) when compared to the original cotton fabric. This work provided a new way to fabricate antimicrobial cotton fabric using bio-based compounds, displaying great application potential in the antibacterial textile industry.
In this study, durable antibacterial cotton fabrics were prepared by a simple two-step impregnation method. Firstly, thioglycolic acid (TGA) was grafted onto cotton fabric via esterification with the ...hydroxyl groups of cellulose, then silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were immobilized on the cotton fabric surface via coordination bonds with the TGA thiol groups. As a result, the mean size of Ag NPs coating on the cotton fabric is around 74 nm, and these functionalized cotton fabrics show superior antibacterial properties and excellent laundering durability. After withstand 50 laundering cycles, the obtained cotton fabrics still showed outstanding bacterial reduction rates (BR) against both
S. aureus
and
E. coli
, and the rates are all higher than 97 %. Therefore, this method to prepare antibacterial cotton fabric shows great potential applications in socks, cosmetic, and medical textiles.
