The prevalence of diabetes among Hispanic and Asian American subpopulations in the United States is unknown.
To estimate racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of diabetes among US adults 20 ...years or older by major race/ethnicity groups and selected Hispanic and non-Hispanic Asian subpopulations.
National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2011-2016, cross-sectional samples representing the noninstitutionalized, civilian, US population. The sample included adults 20 years or older who had self-reported diagnosed diabetes during the interview or measurements of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and 2-hour plasma glucose (2hPG).
Race/ethnicity groups: non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic and Hispanic subgroups (Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban/Dominican, Central American, and South American), non-Hispanic Asian and non-Hispanic Asian subgroups (East, South, and Southeast Asian), and non-Hispanic other.
Diagnosed diabetes was based on self-reported prior diagnosis. Undiagnosed diabetes was defined as HbA1c 6.5% or greater, FPG 126 mg/dL or greater, or 2hPG 200 mg/dL or greater in participants without diagnosed diabetes. Total diabetes was defined as diagnosed or undiagnosed diabetes.
The study sample included 7575 US adults (mean age, 47.5 years; 52% women; 2866 65% non-Hispanic white, 1636 11% non-Hispanic black, 1952 15% Hispanic, 909 6% non-Hispanic Asian, and 212 3% non-Hispanic other). A total of 2266 individuals had diagnosed diabetes; 377 had undiagnosed diabetes. Weighted age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of total diabetes was 12.1% (95% CI, 11.0%-13.4%) for non-Hispanic white, 20.4% (95% CI, 18.8%-22.1%) for non-Hispanic black, 22.1% (95% CI, 19.6%-24.7%) for Hispanic, and 19.1% (95% CI, 16.0%-22.1%) for non-Hispanic Asian adults (overall P < .001). Among Hispanic adults, the prevalence of total diabetes was 24.6% (95% CI, 21.6%-27.6%) for Mexican, 21.7% (95% CI, 14.6%-28.8%) for Puerto Rican, 20.5% (95% CI, 13.7%-27.3%) for Cuban/Dominican, 19.3% (95% CI, 12.4%-26.1%) for Central American, and 12.3% (95% CI, 8.5%-16.2%) for South American subgroups (overall P < .001). Among non-Hispanic Asian adults, the prevalence of total diabetes was 14.0% (95% CI, 9.5%-18.4%) for East Asian, 23.3% (95% CI, 15.6%-30.9%) for South Asian, and 22.4% (95% CI, 15.9%-28.9%) for Southeast Asian subgroups (overall P = .02). The prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes was 3.9% (95% CI, 3.0%-4.8%) for non-Hispanic white, 5.2% (95% CI, 3.9%-6.4%) for non-Hispanic black, 7.5% (95% CI, 5.9%-9.1%) for Hispanic, and 7.5% (95% CI, 4.9%-10.0%) for non-Hispanic Asian adults (overall P < .001).
In this nationally representative survey of US adults from 2011 to 2016, the prevalence of diabetes and undiagnosed diabetes varied by race/ethnicity and among subgroups identified within the Hispanic and non-Hispanic Asian populations.
Transparent Ce:YAG ceramic phosphors were synthesized from the oxide powder which was produced by co-preparation method of the hydroxides. The Ce:YAG ceramics had a broad emission band peaked at 530
...nm due to the 5d
→
4f transition of Ce
3+. The transmittances of the samples obtained were 70–87% at 800
nm. The absorption coefficient and emission intensity of Ce
3+ were increased with increasing thickness. Under 465
nm LED excitation, the color coordinates of the Ce:YAG ceramics shifted from the blue region to yellow region with increasing sample thickness, passing nearby the theoretical white point in the chromaticity diagram. The highest value of luminous efficacy of the ceramic white LED was 73.5
lm/W.
A proportion of obese subjects appear metabolically healthy (MHO) but little is known about the natural history of MHO and factors predicting its future conversion to metabolically unhealthy obese ...(MUO).
The aim was to determine prospectively the frequency of conversion of MHO to MUO and the clinical variables that independently predicted this conversion, with a particular focus on the role of body composition.
We identified 85 Japanese Americans with MHO (56 men, 29 women), aged 34-73 years (mean age 49.8 years) who were followed at 2.5, 5 and 10 years after enrollment with measurements of metabolic characteristics, lifestyle and abdominal and thigh fat areas measured by computed tomography. Obesity was defined using the Asian body mass index criterion of ⩾25 kg m(-2). Metabolically healthy was defined as the presence of ⩽2 of 5 metabolic syndrome components proposed by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III, while metabolically unhealthy was defined as ⩾3 components.
Over 10 years of follow-up, 55 MHO individuals (64.7%) converted to MUO. Statistically significant univariate predictors of conversion included dyslipidemia, greater insulin resistance and greater visceral abdominal (VAT) and subcutaneous abdominal fat area (SAT). In multivariate analysis, VAT (odds ratio per 1-s.d. increment (95% confidence interval) 2.04 (1.11-3.72), P=0.021), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (0.24 (0.11-0.53), P<0.001), fasting plasma insulin (2.45 (1.07-5.62), P=0.034) and female sex (5.37 (1.14-25.27), P=0.033) were significantly associated with future conversion to MUO. However, SAT was not an independent predictor for future conversion to MUO.
In this population, MHO was a transient state, with nearly two-thirds developing MUO over 10 years, with higher conversion to MUO independently associated with VAT, female sex, higher fasting insulin level and lower baseline HDL cholesterol level.
Skeletal muscle depletion, referred to as sarcopenia, predicts morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing digestive surgery. However, the impact on liver transplantation is unclear. The present ...study investigated the impact of sarcopenia on patients undergoing living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Sarcopenia was assessed by a body composition analyzer in 124 adult patients undergoing LDLT between February 2008 and April 2012. The correlation of sarcopenia with other patient factors and the impact of sarcopenia on survival after LDLT were analyzed. The median ratio of preoperative skeletal muscle mass was 92% (range, 67–130%) of the standard mass. Preoperative skeletal muscle mass was significantly correlated with the branched‐chain amino acids to tyrosine ratio (r = −0.254, p = 0.005) and body cell mass (r = 0.636, p < 0.001). The overall survival rate in patients with low skeletal muscle mass was significantly lower than in patients with normal/high skeletal muscle mass (p < 0.001). Perioperative nutritional therapy significantly increased overall survival in patients with low skeletal muscle mass (p = 0.009). Multivariate analysis showed that low skeletal muscle mass was an independent risk factor for death after transplantation. In conclusion, sarcopenia was closely involved with posttransplant mortality in patients undergoing LDLT. Perioperative nutritional therapy significantly improved overall survival in patients with sarcopenia.
Sarcopenia is closely involved with posttransplant mortality in patients undergoing living donor liver transplantation and perioperative nutritional therapy significantly improves overall survival, even in patients with sarcopenia.
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV), which causes enzootic bovine leukosis and immunosuppression, is widely prevalent on Japanese dairy farms. However, in the absence of a national eradication scheme with ...compensation programs, it is important to estimate BLV-associated economic losses to raise farmers' awareness. Mastitis (includes both clinical and subclinical) is a common disease in the dairy industry and the most common reason for culling. We hypothesized that immunosuppression due to BLV predisposes subclinical mastitis. A retrospective cohort study was conducted to trace Holstein cows at 9 commercial dairy farms in the Nemuro and Kushiro regions of Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan, where monitoring of BLV proviral load is routine. Information regarding Dairy Herd Improvement data, parity number, and delivery day was collected at each farm. Cows with no confirmed infection with BLV during lactation were defined as non-infected. Low-proviral-load and high-proviral-load (H-PVL) cows were defined as those in which proviral load was below and over 2,465 copies/50 ng of DNA, respectively, or 56,765 copies/105 cells, respectively, throughout the lactation period. Survival analysis was performed using the frailty model to estimate the hazard ratio of subclinical mastitis for BLV infection status using data from 1,034 dairy cows after adjusting for parity number and delivery season as confounding factors. Kaplan–Meier survivor curves demonstrated that half of the H-PVL cows developed subclinical mastitis within 52 d after calving. The hazard ratio of subclinical mastitis for H-PVL cows was 2.61 times higher than that of non-infected cows. In 2017, there were 264,443 clinical mastitis cases in Hokkaido. Using field and published data, annual economic losses were estimated using Monte Carlo simulation. The economic loss due to mastitis associated with BLV infection per H-PVL cow was $418.59 (¥43,952), with the annual economic loss in Hokkaido Prefecture due to mastitis caused by BLV infection estimated at $6,097,225 (¥640,208,633). In summary, H-PVL cows were more susceptible to subclinical mastitis than non-infected and low-proviral-load cows, and mastitis due to BLV infection was projected to cause significant economic losses.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a potentially disabling disease whose progression is dependent on several risk factors. OA management usually involves the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) ...that are the primary pharmacological treatments of choice. However, NSAIDs have often been associated with unwanted side effects. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 specific inhibitors, such as celecoxib, have been successfully used as an alternative in the past for OA treatment and have demonstrated fewer side effects. While abundant data are available for the clinical efficacy of drugs used for OA treatment, little is known about the disease-modifying effects of these agents. A previous review published by Zweers et al. (2010) assessed the available literature between 1990 and 2010 on the disease-modifying effects of celecoxib. In the present review, we aimed to update the existing evidence and identify evolving concepts relating to the disease-modifying effects of not just celecoxib, but also other NSAIDs. We conducted a review of the literature published from 2010 to 2016 dealing with the effects, especially disease-modifying effects, of NSAIDs on cartilage, synovium, and bone in OA patients. Our results show that celecoxib was the most commonly used drug in papers that presented data on disease-modifying effects of NSAIDs. Further, these effects appeared to be mediated through the regulation of prostaglandins, cytokines, and direct changes to tissues. Additional studies should be carried out to assess the disease-modifying properties of NSAIDs in greater detail.
We examined the published relationship between uterine fibroids and reproductive outcomes. Submucosal fibroids had the strongest association with lower ongoing pregnancy rates, odds ratio, 0.5; 95% ...confidence interval, 0.3-0.8, primarily through decreased implantation. Cumulative pregnancy rates appeared slightly lower in patients with intramural fibroids 36.9% vs 41.1%, which may reflect biases in the literature; however, patients with intramural fibroids also experienced more miscarriages, 20.4% vs 12.9%. Adverse obstetric outcomes are rare and may reflect age or other differences in fibroid populations. Increased risk of malpresentation (odds ratio, 2.9; 2.6-3.2), cesarean (odds ratio, 3.7; 3.5-3.9), and preterm delivery (odds ratio, 1.5; 1.3-1.7) are reported; however, the incidence of labor dystocia was low (7.5%). There was no conclusive evidence that intramural or subserosal fibroids adversely affect fecundity. More prospective, controlled trials are needed to assess the effects of myomectomy. Good maternal and neonatal outcomes are expected in pregnancies with uterine fibroids.
Bisphenol A and ovarian steroidogenesis Bloom, Michael S; Mok-Lin, Evelyn; Fujimoto, Victor Y
Fertility and sterility,
09/2016, Letnik:
106, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Bisphenol A is widely used as a component in polycarbonate plastics for food and beverage packaging, epoxy linings for canned foods, and dental sealants, among other applications. Experimental ...literature demonstrates BPA's affinity for estrogen receptors and downstream effects on estrogen-responsive genes. Additional data suggest that BPA reduces endogenous estrogen synthesis, likely by antagonizing ovarian enzyme activities involved in sex-steroid hormone synthesis. More specifically, evidence indicates BPA-mediated disruption of STAR, CYP450scc, and HSD-3β in theca cells and CYP450 aromatase activity in granulosa cells. Yet the results of the few human studies reported to date are equivocal. It also remains in question the extent to which BPA penetrates developing ovarian follicles. Uncertainty as to the relevance of experimental BPA doses and administration routes for common human exposure levels limits extrapolation of experimental results. To more definitively address the potential risk of BPA on human ovarian steroidogenesis, additional experimental studies using biologically active BPA doses likely to reflect those within the ovarian follicle will be necessary, as will additional prospective investigations in human populations with the use of standardized assay methodology.
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