On 30 October 2020, a strong normal-faulting earthquake struck Samos Island in Greece and İzmir Province in Turkey, both in the eastern Aegean Sea. The earthquake generated a tsunami that hit the ...coasts of Samos Island, Greece and İzmir, Turkey. National teams performed two post-tsunami field surveys on 31 October to 1 November 2020, and 4–6 November 2020, along the Turkish coastline; while the former was a quick survey on the days following the tsunami, the latter involved more detailed measurement and investigation focusing on a ~ 110-km-long coastline extending from Alaçatı (Çeşme District of İzmir) to Gümüldür (Menderes District of İzmir). The survey teams measured runup and tsunami heights, flow depths, and inundation distances at more than 120 points at eight different localities. The largest tsunami runup among the surveyed locations was measured as 3.8 m in Akarca at a distance of 91 m from the shoreline. The maximum tsunami height of 2.3 m (with a flow depth of 1.4 m) was observed at Kaleiçi region in Sığacık, where the most severe tsunami damage was observed. There, the maximum runup height was measured as 1.9 m at the northeastern side of the bay. The survey team also investigated tsunami damage to coastal structures, noticing a gradual decrease in the impact from Gümüldür to further southeast. The findings of this field survey provide insights into the coastal impact of local tsunamis in the Aegean Sea.
The straits connect two large water bodies show highly strong and stratified currents related to meteorological, morphological and hydrodynamic conditions. In some cases, spatial and temporal changes ...of the stratified currents and their thickness, direction and magnitude are so complex. This complexity directly affects the circulation pattern in the region, water exchange between both ends of the straits and migration of fish species. In order to understand general characteristics of this kind of straits and identifying the complexity of the hydrodynamics of the region and evaluate the secondary currents and recirculation need long term, intensive, field work and measurement studies. As an example of this kind of hydrodynamically complex straits, Bosphorus strait is selected for a field study. The Bosphorus strait has a strongly stratified two-layer system and a unique case of the maximal exchange regime typical of strait flows, which is largely determined by conditions at the Black Sea. Although the Bosphorus strait has distinct two-layer stratification with an associated two-layer system exchange, no continuous current measurements have been made so far, previous measurements all having been random sampling.
In this paper, a detailed measurement program has been applied to Bosphorus strait. In the measurement program, a short-term current profile measurement at selected locations at southern part of the strait has been conveyed. Additionally a long-term measurement of current profile has been performed at a selected critical location (in front of the Dolmabahçe Palace) where a recirculation flow exists in the strait. The scope of this paper is to present the techniques and the results of analysis of measurement data. In the measurements the current profile (magnitude and direction) has been determined at every 1
m depth intervals from the surface to the sea bottom at 3
min duration at every hour. Measurements provide that lower-layer flows in northward direction from the Sea of Marmara towards the Black Sea, whereas the upper-layer flow comes from the Black Sea and flows towards the Sea of Marmara in the opposite direction of lower layer. The Bosphorus strait exhibits distinctive features associated with variations in its width and depth. The meandering features of Bosphorus also cause recirculation flows. These results of measurements are presented, discussed and compared with previous studies.
The 20th July 2017 Bodrum–Kos Tsunami Field Survey Dogan, Gozde Guney; Annunziato, Alessandro; Papadopoulos, Gerassimos A. ...
Pure and applied geophysics,
07/2019, Letnik:
176, Številka:
7
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The July 20, 2017 Bodrum–Kos Earthquake caused tsunami wave motions and damage in the south of Bodrum Peninsula, Turkey, and on Kos Island, Greece. Immediately after the earthquake, we conducted ...several post-tsunami field surveys including interviews in coastal zones impacted by the tsunami, i.e., the coastlines of Bodrum Peninsula, Karaada Islet and Akyaka Town in Gökova Bay, Turkey, and eastern Kos Island, Greece. We present observations and measurements to document the variation of the tsunami effects along the coast. The largest tsunami runup was about 1.9 m and observed at the mouth of a small dry streambed at Gumbet Bay, Bodrum. No significant water motions were reported at the northern and western coasts of Bodrum Peninsula. The tsunami runup distribution along the coast of eastern Kos was overall regular, with runup not exceeding 1 m except in the Port of Kos where a 1.5 m tsunami runup was measured.
The sediment budget of the Kizilirmak River has been disturbed during the last decade because of the flow regulation structures constructed on the river. This disruption has led to coastal erosion at ...the river mouth and its environs. With the effect of erosion within this period, the Black Sea shoreline has eroded approximately 1.0 km toward the Bafra Plain. In this study, the coastal erosion in the area was examined using physical and mathematical models. A shore protection structure system based on the results of the physical model tests was developed and implemented at the site. A one-line model was also applied for this part of the shoreline to study the problem mathematically. Analysis of the numerical simulation showed similar trends to the results of the physical model and field observation. The one-line model successfully represented the behavior of protection structures on the evaluation of the Kizilirmak River Mouth. One year after the completion of the protection structures, observations in the field showed that the erosion was completely controlled, and certain parts of the shoreline at this reach had advanced approximately 50 m toward the Black Sea. These protection structures have altered the longshore sediment transport along the shoreline of the Bafra Palin nearby the Kizilirmak River mouth. Therefore, the erosion at the adjacent shoreline of this reach has been accelerated at the expected level.
This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of the storm damage at a commercial port located in the Southwestern Black Sea Region that occurred on January 18–19, 2018. One week after the event, ...a field survey was conducted at the port focusing on significantly damaged mound breakwaters and protection structures that failed at several sections. A numerical wave modeling study is carried out to estimate the wave characteristics at deep sea, nearshore, and inside the port to assess the observed damage during the field survey. Widely used numerical models WAVEWATCH III, SWAN, and SWASH are utilized using nested computational domains and calibrated based on satellite measurements. As a result, the significant wave height of the storm is estimated as 7.8 m with a peak period of 12.4 s near the port area, approaching mainly from the northwest direction. The damage mechanisms of the mound structures are discussed based on the field observations and the wave modeling studies. The insufficient seaside armor unit sizes and the orientation of the breakwaters are found to be the main reasons for the damage.
•Major damage, including failure of mound breakwaters at a port, is investigated.•The characteristics of the waves that caused the damage were estimated using calibrated models.•Damage mechanisms of the protection structures are discussed in detail.
The fishery harbor of Karaburun coastal village is located at the south west coast of the Black Sea. The significant waves coming from north eastern direction cause considerable rate of sediment ...transport along 4km sandy beach towards the fishery harbor in the region. The resulting sediment deposition near and inside the harbor entrance prevents the boat traffic and cause a vital problem for the harbor operations. In order to determine the level and reasons of the sediment transport, the long-term observations of shoreline changes, the long-term statistical analysis of wind and wave characteristics in the region, and sediment properties have been performed. The data obtained from observations, measurements and analysis were discussed. The long-term statistics of deep water significant wave heights for each direction was discussed by comparing the results obtained from different data sources and methods. For shoreline evolution, the numerical study using one-line model was applied to describe the shoreline changes with respect to probable wave conditions. Initial shoreline was obtained from the digitized image in 1996 since there was no previous shoreline measurement of the site. The results were compared using the techniques of remote sensing obtained from sequent images using IKONOS and IRS1C/D satellites.
Turkey, with its climate, protected bays, cultural and environmental resources is an ideal place for yacht tourism. Subsequently, yacht tourism is increasing consistently. Yacht tourism can cause ...unmitigated development and environmental concerns when aiming to achieve tourist satisfaction. As the demand for yacht tourism intensifies, sustainable development strategies are needed to maximize natural, cultural and economic benefits.
Integration of forecasts to the strategic planning is necessary for sustainable and use of the coastal resources. In this study two different quantitative forecasting techniques - Exponential smoothing and Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) methods were used to estimate the demand for yacht berthing capacity demand till 2030 in Turkey.
Based on environmental, socio-economic and geographic data and the opinions gathered from stakeholders such as marina operators, local communities and government officials an allocation model was developed for the successful allocation of the predicted demand seeking social and economical growth while preserving the coastal environment. AHP was used to identify and evaluate the development, social and environmental and geographic priorities. Aiming a dynamic plan which is responsive to both national and international developments in yacht tourism, potential investment areas were determined for the investments required to accommodate the future demand. This study provides a multi dimensioned point of view to planning problem and highlights the need for sustainable and dynamic planning at delicate and high demand areas such as coasts.
Manavgat River flows into the Mediterranean sea at southern coasts of Turkey. The river mouth being unstable shoals and shifts seasonally, preventing continuous navigation of boats and yachts through ...the entrance channel of river mouth. To stabilize the river mouth some alternative structures are studied and jetty type structure is chosen as the protection structure. The shoreline change of the Manavgat River mouth with and without protection structure is studied by using one line model for shoreline evolution. Two different sets of wave data (as seasonal or yearly averages) are used as the inputs of the model. The effects of different wave data sets on the shoreline changes are compared and discussed.
The Bosphorus is oceanographically very complicated two-layer stratified strait where denser water from the Marmara Sea flows towards North under the lighter water which is frequently flowing from ...the Black Sea towards South. The water level difference between both ends of the Bosphorus varies seasonally within the range of −0.2 and 0.6
m. The seasonal variability depends mainly on the water level changes in the adjacent basins related to the hydrological cycle, short-term changes in the atmospheric pressure and the wind characteristics. These variations together with the depth and alignment of the cross section along the strait dominate the spatial and temporal variations and sometimes sharp changes in the flow pattern in three dimensions. Although these hydrodynamic conditions are critical for all marine and hydraulic works along the Bosphorus, there was not continuous long-term measurement for a sufficient time span in the strait for detailed evaluation of the current climate. An extensive site surveying work including current, wind, pressure and water level measurements was carried out between September 2004 and January 2006 in relation to the design and construction requirements of the Bosphorus Tube Crossing Project. In this study, the characteristics of stratified flow in the Bosphorus Strait and their relation to local and regional, short- and long-term changes in the meteorological parameters are studied by using the measurement data and the results are discussed comparatively.
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