Propolis is a complex natural compound that honeybees obtain from plants and contributes to hive safety. It is rich in phenolic and flavonoid compounds, which contain antioxidant, antimicrobial, and ...anticancer properties. In this study, the chemical composition and antioxidant activities of propolis were investigated; ABTS
, DPPH
and DMPD
were prepared using radical scavenging antioxidant methods. The phenolic and flavonoid contents of propolis were 53 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g and 170.164 mg of quercetin equivalent (QE)/g, respectively. The ferric ion (Fe
) reduction, CUPRAC and FRAP reduction capacities were also studied. The antioxidant and reducing capacities of propolis were compared with those of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), α-tocopherol and Trolox reference standards. The half maximal inhibition concentration (IC
) values of propolis for ABTS
, DPPH
and DMPD
scavenging activities were found to be 8.15, 20.55 and 86.64 μg/mL, respectively. Propolis extract demonstrated IC
values of 3.7, 3.4 and 19.6 μg/mL against α-glycosidase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and carbonic anhydrase II (hCA II) enzyme, respectively. These enzymes' inhibition was associated with diabetes, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and glaucoma. The reducing power, antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibition capacity of propolis extract were comparable to those demonstrated by the standards. Twenty-eight phenolic compounds, including acacetin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, naringenin, chrysin, quinic acid, quercetin, and ferulic acid, were determined by LC-MS/MS to be major organic compounds in propolis. The polyphenolic antioxidant-rich content of the ethanol extract of propolis appears to be a natural product that can be used in the treatment of diabetes, AD, glaucoma, epilepsy, and cancerous diseases.
Astragalus species are traditionally used for diabetes, ulcers, leukemia, wounds, stomachaches, sore throats, abdominal pain, and toothaches. Although the preventive effects of Astragalus species ...against diseases are known, there is no record of the therapeutic effects of
. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the in vitro antiglaucoma, antidiabetic, anti-Alzheimer's disease, and antioxidant activities of the methanolic (MEAA) and water (WEAA) extracts of the aerial part of
. Additionally, its phenolic compound profiles were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). MEAA and WEAA were evaluated for their inhibition ability on α-glycosidase, α-amylase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and human carbonic anhydrase II (hCA II) enzymes. The phenolic compounds of MEAA were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Furthermore, total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined. In this context, the antioxidant activity was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine (DMPD), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric ions (Cu
) reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), ferric ions (Fe
) reducing, and ferrous ions (Fe
) chelating methods. MEAA and WEAA had IC
values of 9.07 and 2.24 μg/mL for α-glycosidase, 693.15 and 346.58 μg/mL for α-amylase, 1.99 and 2.45 μg/mL for AChE, and 147.7 and 171.7 μg/mL for hCA II. While the total phenolic amounts in MEAA and WEAA were 16.00 and 18.50 μg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/mg extract, the total flavonoid contents in both extracts were calculated as 66.23 and 33.115 μg quercetin equivalent (QE)/mg, respectively. MEAA and WEAA showed, respectively, variable activities on DPPH radical scavenging (IC
: 99.02 and 115.53 μg/mL), ABTS radical scavenging (IC
: 32.21 and 30.22 µg/mL), DMPD radical scavenging (IC
: 231.05 and 65.22 μg/mL), and Fe
chelating (IC
: 46.21 and 33.01 μg/mL). MEAA and WEAA reducing abilities were, respectively, Fe
reducing (λ
: 0.308 and 0.284), FRAP (λ
: 0.284 and 0.284), and CUPRAC (λ
: 0.163 and 0.137). A total of 35 phenolics were scanned, and 10 phenolic compounds were determined by LC-MS/MS analysis. LC-MS/MS revealed that MEAA mainly contained isorhamnetin, fumaric acid, and rosmarinic acid derivatives. This is the first report indicating that MEAA and WEAA have α-glycosidase, α-amylase, AChE, hCA II inhibition abilities, and antioxidant activities. These results demonstrate the potential of Astragalus species through antioxidant properties and enzyme inhibitor ability traditionally used in medicine. This work provides the foundation for further research into the establishment of novel therapeutics for diabetes, glaucoma, and Alzheimer's disease.
Magnofluorine, a secondary metabolite commonly found in various plants, has pharmacological potential; however, its antioxidant and enzyme inhibition effects have not been investigated. We ...investigated the antioxidant potential of Magnofluorine using bioanalytical assays with 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+), N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (DMPD•+), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) scavenging abilities and K3Fe(CN)6 and Cu2+ reduction abilities. Further, we compared the effects of Magnofluorine and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), α-Tocopherol, and Trolox as positive antioxidant controls. According to the analysis results, Magnofluorine removed 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals with an IC50 value of 10.58 μg/mL. The IC50 values of BHA, BHT, Trolox, and α-Tocopherol were 10.10 μg/mL, 25.95 μg/mL, 7.059 μg/mL, and 11.31 μg/mL, respectively. Our results indicated that the DPPH· scavenging effect of Magnofluorine was similar to that of BHA, close to that of Trolox, and better than that of BHT and α-tocopherol. The inhibition effect of Magnofluorine was examined against enzymes, such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), α-glycosidase, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and human carbonic anhydrase II (hCA II), which are linked to global disorders, such as diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and glaucoma. Magnofluorine inhibited these metabolic enzymes with Ki values of 10.251.94, 5.991.79, 25.411.10, and 30.563.36 nM, respectively. Thus, Magnofluorine, which has been proven to be an antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticholinergic in our study, can treat glaucoma. In addition, molecular docking was performed to understand the interactions between Magnofluorine and target enzymes BChE (D: 6T9P), hCA II (A:3HS4), AChE (B:4EY7), and α-glycosidase (C:5NN8). The results suggest that Magnofluorine may be an important compound in the transition from natural sources to industrial applications, especially new drugs.
Helichrysum species are traditionally used to treat many diseases. In this study, the antioxidant and enzyme inhibition abilities of methanol (MEHP) and water extracts (WEHP) from Helichrysum ...plicatum subsp. Pseudopliacatum was evaluated. Also, the phenolic compounds will be assessed and the quantities of total phenols and flavonoids will be calculated. For evaluation of antioxidant activity of both extracts was assessed using DPPH, ABTS and DMPD radical scavenging, FRAP, CUPRAC, and Fe3+ reduction methods were used. The inhibition effects of extracts were spectrophotometrically evaluated on the α-glucosidase (α-Gly), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) enzymes. These inhibition effects were compared to the standard inhibitors The qualitative and quantitative phenolic components in extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), employing both methods. The IC50 value, which is the inhibitor concentration that causes 50% inhibition of MEHP and WEHP, is found as 2.39 and 2.97 μg mL-1 for α-gly, 2.48 and 3.59 μg mL-1 for AChE and 11.95 and 25.67 μg mL-1for CA II. The quantity of phenols in MEHP and WEHP were 46.00 and 33.50 μg GAE mg-1 extract, 62.13 and 103.93 μg QE mg-1 extract flavonoids, respectively. IC50 values of MEHP and WEHP were calculated as 40.77 and 49.51 μg mL-1 for DPPH radical scavenging, 10.50 and 17.77 μg mL-1 ABTS radical scavenging and 99.02 and 77.01 μg mL-1 DMPD radical scavenging. The absorbance values of reducing abilities of MEHP and WEHP were found as 0.555 and 0.495 Fe3+ reducing ability, 0.577 and 0.286 for FRAP reducing ability and 0.402 and 0.315 for Cu2+ reducing ability. As a result of the LC-MS/MS analysis, the levels of phenolic compounds such as chlorogenic acid, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and quinic acid were found to be high in MEHP and WEHP. In this study, it was observed that MEHP and WEHP have strong antioxidant properties and effectively inhibited the enzymes activities. The findings clearly reveal the antioxidant and enzyme inhibition potential of Helichrysum species, which have been used in traditional medicine for a long time. Helichrysum plicatum extracts used in this study show that they are very effective against diabetes, glaucoma and Alzheimer's disease, which are global and common diseases.
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•Four Turkish plants (Filipendula vulgaris, Polygonum divaricatum, Hypericum linarioides and Rheum ribes) were extracted and analysed.•Our study identified a total of 12 OAs and PCs ...in F. vulgaris, 12 in P. divaricatum, 9 in H. linarioides, and 11 in R. ribes.•The method, with potential applications in various industries, provides an accurate analytical and quality control tool for the simultaneous measurement of OAs and PCs in plant extracts.
This research focused on investigating biologically active and pharmaceutically important phytochemicals using reliable and reproducible analytical techniques specifically designed for traditional medicinal plants. Considering the complex chemical diversity present in plant extracts, reliable identification methods are crucial. The goal of this study was to develop and validate a robust UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic acids (OAs) and phenolic compounds (PCs). With gradient elution of water containing 0.1 % formic acid and acetonitrile containing 0.1 % formic acid as the mobile phase, OAs and PCs were separated chromatographically on a C18 reversed-phase column. Through the use of an electrospray ionization source operating in negative ionization mode, these compounds were identified on a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer. The validation results clearly indicate that the method exhibited linearity with a squared correlation coefficient (R2 ≥ 0.9986), demonstrating sensitivity (LOQ: 1.08 µg/L-10.79 µg/L), precision (RSD%≤2.73), and trueness (RE% ≤ 1.53) for the OAs and PCs found in the plants. The developed UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS method was successfully applied to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of OAs and PCs in Turkish plants, which are commonly used in traditional medicine. Our study identified a total of 12 OAs and PCs in F. vulgaris, 12 in P. divaricatum, 9 in H. linarioides, and 11 in R. ribes. In particular, gallic acid had the highest content in F. vulgaris (925.67 µg/g extract) and R. ribes (1358.78 µg/g extract), while H. linarioides (730.66 µg/g extract) and P. divaricatum (4003.02 µg/g extract) had relatively high levels of quinic acid. In conclusion, the developed UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS method allows the simultaneous analysis and quantification of 2 OAs and 33 PCs in plants and proves to be a valuable tool for evaluating the efficacy of traditional medicinal plants.
Wound is tissue damage that occurs in the skin. Helichrysum species (Altınotu) are rich in phenolic compounds used in traditional medicine for wound healing. The main component in their flower head ...(capitulum) is phenolic compounds. The present study investigates the proliferative, oxidative stress, and wound healing properties of the methanolic extract of Helichrysum plicatum subsp. pseudoplicatum capitulum on a human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cell line in this study. H plicatum subsp. pseudoplicatum capitulums were collected in Erzurum, Turkey (altitude 1950 m), dried, pulverized, and extracted with methanol. Firstly, total phenolic contents were determined and secondly, the proliferative effect, oxidative stress activities, and wound healing effects on HDF cells were evaluated by the cell proliferation kit (XTT) test, total antioxidant status (TAS), and total oxidant status (TOS) commercial kits, and the scratch experiment by taking microscopic images of the cells at 0, 12, 18, and 24 h, respectively. Total phenolic content was found to be 142.00 ± 0.73 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram (GAE/g) extract. The capitulum extract has a proliferative effect at 0.5 to 10 µg/mL concentrations according to the XTT test results. It was observed that TAS levels significantly increased in the plant extract at the concentration ranges 1 to 10 µg/mL (P < .01). About 1 to 5 µg/mL plant extract started to increase cell migration at the 12 h and significantly closed the wound area at the 24 h. At the doses between 1 to 5 μg/mL, it has the most substantial effect on both cell viability and antioxidant effect, and wound healing was found to be in this concentration range. These findings suggested that the H plicatum subsp. pseudoplicatum capitulum is a valuable source of phenolic content with important antioxidant activity at wound healing and it was concluded that the capitulum extract accelerates wound healing by increasing cell migration in low doses.
Alchemilla species (Rosaceae) are popularly known as ‘Lady’s Mantle, Lion’s claw’ and are used for medicinal purposes as diuretic, laxative, tonic, and wound healing agents. Bioactivities and ...phenolic content of Alchemilla pseudocartalinica Juz. species have yet to be investigated. Our research focused on assessing the antioxidant characteristics of A. pseudocartalinica methanol (MEAP) and water extracts (WEAP), as well as their inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), α-glycosidase (α-gly), and human carbonic anhydrase II (hCA II) enzymes. Additionally, we conducted chemical characterization using UPLC-MS/MS and investigated the correlation between major phenolic compounds and enzymes through molecular docking analysis. To assess the antioxidant activities of the MEAP and WEAP, six test systems were employed, including DPPH, ABTS, DMPD, FRAP, CUPRAC, and Fe3+ reducing assays. The outcome showed that the methanol extract of the plant generally has stronger antioxidant activity. In addition, UPLC-MS/MS analysis indicated, miquelianin (44.095 mg/g), quinic acid (17.054 mg/g), and ellagic acid (6.492 mg/g) were significant in the methanol extract. A molecular docking study revealed a significant affinity for binding between the hCAII enzyme and quinic acid, miquelianin, and AChE/α-gly enzymes. A. pseudocatalinica methanol and water extracts have high antioxidant activity and good inhibition effect against AChE, α-glycosidase, and hCA II enzymes.
The present study aims to perform a comprehensive chemical characterization of the essential oils of Thymus pubescens var. pubescens (TPEO), Thymus leucotrichus var. leucotrichus (TLEO), and the ...endemic Thymus canoviridis (TCEO) using GC-MS, besides evaluating the potential antidiabetic, anticholinesterase, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiglocouma, and antityrosinase activities of these essential oils. The antioxidant activity was assessed using various bioassays including DPPH, ABTS, DMPD, FRAP, CUPRAC, and Fe
3+
reducing assays. The IC
50
values of TPEO, TLEO, and TCEO for α-glycosidase were 28.32, 28.79, and 57.57 μg/mL, respectively. For tyrosinase, the IC
50
values were 359.9, 270.87, and 597.43 μg/mL, respectively. The IC
50
values for acetylcholinesterase were calculated as 44.15, 36.75, and 34.99 μg/mL, respectively, while for carbonic anhydrase, the IC
50
values were 21.70, 24.75, and 24.45 μg/mL, respectively. The quantitiy of total phenolics present in TPEO, TLEO, and TCEO were determined to be 10.50, 34.50, and 32.50 μg GAE/mg essential oil, respectively. The TPEO, TLEO, and TCEO exhibited distinct antioxidant activities on DPPH, ABTS, and DMPD. TPEO showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Acinetobacter baumannii bacterias. TLEO exhibited effective antimicrobial activity against S. aureus; The last of these TCEO demonstrated notable antimicrobial activity towards S. aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. mirabilis, A. baumannii. Additionaly, GC-MS revealed that the major components are TPEO (pulegone 29.01%, piperitenone 17.17%), TLEO (germacrene D 9.59%), and TCEO (carvacrol 52.87%). The essential oils possessed a range of biological activities, including antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticholinesterase, antityrosinase, antiglocouma and antimicrobial activities.
The roots and pseudofruits of Rosa pimpinellifolia (Rosaceae) are used in traditional medicine as hemorrhoids, various infections, abdominal pain complaints, heart disease, flu, cold, and anemia ...treatment in Turkey. In this study, the phytochemical composition of the R. pimpinellifolia was revealed by using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Two condensed tannin precursor, (-)-catechin (1), the mixture of catechin and epicatechin (2) and three triterpenoid glycosides, kaji-ichigoside F1 (3), 2α,3β,19α trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), 2α,3β,19α,23β-tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5) were isolated from the roots of R. pimpinellifolia. The isolation studies were performed by column chromatography. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated with 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Total phenolic compound contents were determined as 31.1937 mg/g dry extract in the pseudofruit; 9.8909 mg/g dry extract in the root via HPLC. The seeds of R. pimpinellifolia were extracted with diethyl ether in Soxhlet apparatus. The methyl esters of fatty acid were obtained from fixed oil and analyzed by GC/MS. The total ratio of unsaturated fatty acids in the seeds was 93.4%; containing 51.40% ratio of linoleic acid and 41.20% ratio of homo-γ-linolenic acid.
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