Synopsis
Objectives
The aim of this study was to investigate the whitening and antioxidant activities of essential oils from Cryptomeria japonica by determining their tyrosinase inhibition, ...1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and superoxide dismutase (SOD)‐like activities.
Methods
Essential oils of C. japonica leaves were extracted with distilled water, and after condensation of volatile constituents, the condensates were extracted with ethyl acetate. Crude essential oils of C. japonica were divided into six fractions by thin layer chromatography and open column chromatography, and their chemical analysis was performed by GC/MS. Major compounds of fractions were composed of kaurene, bornyl acetate, nezukol, (‐)‐4‐terpineol, δ‐cadinene, α‐terpineol, γ‐eudesmol, α‐eudesmol and elemol.
Results
For tyrosinase inhibitory activity using two substrates, l‐tyrosine and 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (l‐DOPA), kaurene, bornyl acetate and nezukol were highly effective. In antioxidant activity, (‐)‐4‐terpinenol and δ‐cadinene showed high DPPH radical scavenging activity, and bornyl acetate and nezukol indicated extremely high SOD‐like activity.
Conclusion
Therefore, bornyl acetate and nezukol fractionated from C. japonica essential oil, which showed highly active whitening and antioxidant activities, have potential applications in cosmeceutical materials.
Résumé
Objectifs
Le but de cette étude était d'évaluer les activités éclaircissante et anti‐oxydantes des huiles essentielles obtenues à partir de Cryptomeria japonica en déterminant leur capacité d'inhibition de la tyrosinase, d'inactiver le radical DPPH (1,1‐diphényl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl), et de mimer l'activité superoxyde dismutase (SOD).
Methodes
Les huiles essentielles des feuilles de C. japonica ont été extraites avec de l'eau distillée, et après condensation des constituants volatils, les condensats ont été extraits avec de l'acétate d'éthyle. Les huiles essentielles bruts de C. japonica ont été divisées en six fractions par chromatographie sur couche mince et par chromatographie sur colonne ouverte, et leur analyse chimique a été effectuée par GC / MS. Les principaux composés des fractions étaient constitués de kaurene, d'acétate de bornyle, de nezukol, de (‐)‐4‐terpinéol, de δ‐cadinene, d'α‐terpinéol, de γ‐eudesmol, d'α‐eudesmol et d'élémol.
Resultats
Pour l'activité inhibitrice de la tyrosinase en utilisant deux substrats, la L‐tyrosine et la 3,4‐dihydroxy‐phénylalanine (L‐DOPA), le kaurene, l'acétate de bornyle et le nezukol étaient très efficaces. En activité antioxydante, le (‐)‐4‐terpinenol et le δ‐cadinene ont montré une activité radicalaire haute de captage du DPPH, et l'acétate de bornyle et le nezukol ont indiqué une activité extrêmement élevée SOD‐like.
Conclusion
Par conséquent, l'acétate de bornyle et le nezukol fractionné de l'huile essentielle de C. japonica, qui ont montré des activités antioxydantes et éclaircissantes très fortes ont des applications potentielles dans les formulations cosmétiques.
Summary
What is known and objective
Various factors contribute to the high rate of readmission among patients hospitalized with heart failure (HF). Determination of these factors is fundamental to ...identify potential targets for intervention in hospitalized patients.
Methods
The retrospective cohort study used a large national insurance database to identify episodes of HF. Clinical information up to 12 months from the index hospitalization was obtained. Depending on their outcome, eligible patients were classified into a 30‐day readmission group after discharge or a non‐readmission group. Potential predictors of 30‐day readmission were categorized by patient, drug therapy and health system utilization factors.
Results and discussion
Heart failure was identified in 19 128 inpatients. Of these, 27·6% were readmitted within 30 days after discharge. The mean Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) score was 5·2 ± 2·9 for the readmission group and 4·3 ± 2·5 for the non‐readmission group. The strongest predictors included paralysis adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2·27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·97–2·62, followed by metastatic cancer (AOR 2·22, 95% CI 1·81–2·72) and loop diuretic therapy (AOR 1·52, 95% CI 1·29–1·79). A prescription of ACE inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker at discharge was associated with a 17% decreased risk (AOR 0·83, 95% CI 0·77–0·89).
What is new and conclusions
Hospitalized patients with HF have a 30‐day all‐cause readmission rate exceeding a quarter. Post‐discharge care should focus on patients with advanced age, acuity of admission, enrolled medical aid, hospitalization exceeding 14 days, higher CCI score, more than 10 prescription drugs at discharge, presence of several comorbidities and loop diuretic therapy, which are independent predictors for 30‐day readmission.
Potential predictors associated with 30‐day hospital readmission.
A characteristic pattern of hemodynamic changes that may occur after reperfusion during liver transplantation (LT) is known as postreperfusion syndrome (PRS). We investigated the effect of ...prophylactic ephedrine administration on PRS and postoperative laboratory results in living donor LT. The medical records of adult recipients who underwent living donor LT were reviewed. A total of 308 recipients were divided into the prophylaxis group and the nonprophylaxis group. Graft factors, preoperative and intraoperative recipient factors, and postoperative laboratory results were compared between the 2 groups. Graft factors and preoperative and intraoperative recipient factors did not differ between the 2 groups, except the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and etiology of liver disease. After reperfusion, PRS occurred more frequently (43.2% vs 25.0%; P = .006), and mean arterial pressure was more reduced compared with prereperfusion values (33.7 ± 15.8% vs 22.3 ± 23.5%; P < .001) in the nonprophylaxis group than the prophylaxis group. Postoperative laboratory results did not differ between the 2 groups. In conclusion, prereperfusion administration of ephedrine reduced the incidence and severity of PRS. Further prospective studies on the relationship between prophylactic medication and posttransplantation outcomes are needed.
•Because postreperfusion syndrome can result in a negative postoperative outcome, there have been some efforts to prevent its occurrence.•This study evaluated the effects of prereperfusion ephedrine administration during living donor liver transplantation.•Prereperfusion ephedrine can reduce the incidence and severity of postreperfusion syndrome, without affecting postoperative graft outcome.
Interindividual variability in stable warfarin doses is largely attributed to VKORC1 and CYP2C9 variants. On the basis of a recent finding of the role of GATA4 in control of CYP2C9 expression, we ...tested a possible effect of GATA4 genotypes on variability in warfarin response using 201 Korean patients with prosthetic cardiac valves. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs2645400 (G>T) and rs4841588 (G>T), were significantly associated with stable warfarin doses in patients carrying CYP2C9 wild-type homozygotes; homozygote carriers of these two SNPs required higher doses than those with other genotypes (5.94±1.73 versus 5.34±1.88 mg, P=0.026; 5.94±1.66 versus 5.37±1.92, P=0.036, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that two GATA4 combinations, rs867858 (G>T)/rs10090884 (A>C) and rs2645400 (G>T)/rs4841588 (G>T), increased contribution to the overall warfarin dose variability from 36.4 to 40.9%. This study revealed that GATA4 can be predictive of stable warfarin dose and extended warfarin pharmacogenetics further to the regulation of CYP2C9 expression.
The high incidence of biliary tract carcinoma in patients with anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal junction (APBDJ) implicates that a compositional alteration in bile may contribute to the genesis of ...this cancer. Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is generated in the bile of these patients. Given the role of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in biliary tract carcinogenesis, we postulated that LPC induces COX-2 in cholangiocytes.
The effect of LPC on COX-2 expression in cholangiocytes was evaluated by immunoblot analysis, real-time PCR and reporter gene assay. Apoptosis was induced by TRAIL treatment, and quantified using DAPI staining.
Lysophosphatidylcholine increased COX-2 protein expression in cholangiocytes in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. LPC-induced Raf-1 activation was responsible for this COX-2 induction. Accordingly, LPC increased COX-2 mRNA levels in a Raf-1 dependent manner by stabilizing COX-2 mRNA. Finally, LPC attenuated TRAIL-mediated apoptosis through a COX-2/PgE2 dependent mechanism.
Collectively, these results implicate that LPC inhibits cholangiocyte apoptosis by inducing COX-2 expression via a Raf-1 dependent mechanism. This anti-apoptotic signaling may participate in biliary tract carcinogenesis in APBDJ patients, and therefore, its interruption may be a viable chemopreventative strategy.
Abstract We have previously reported the efficient osteogenic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) by co-culture with primary human bone-derived cells (hPBDs) without the use of ...exogenous factors. In the present study, we explored whether osteogenic cells derived from hESCs (OC-hESCs) using the previously reported method would be capable of regenerating bone tissue in vivo . A three-dimensional porous poly( d , l -lactic- co -glycolic acid)/hydroxyapatite composite scaffold was used as a cell delivery vehicle. In vivo implantation of OC-hESC-seeded scaffolds showed significant bone formation in the subcutaneous sites of immunodeficient mice at 4 and 8 weeks after implantation ( n =5 for each time point). Meanwhile, implantation of the control no cell-seeded scaffolds or human dermal fibroblast-seeded scaffolds did not show any new bone formation. In addition, the presence of BMP-2 (1 μg/scaffold) enhanced new bone tissue formation in terms of mineralization and the expression of bone-specific genetic markers. According to FISH analysis, implanted OC-hESCs remained in the regeneration sites, which suggested that the implanted cells participated in the formation of new bone. In conclusion, OC-hESCs successfully regenerated bone tissue upon in vivo implantation, and this regeneration can be further enhanced by the administration of BMP-2. These results suggest the clinical feasibility of OC-hESCs as a good alternative source of cells for bone regeneration.
Summary
Introduction: Myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) is known to be a major risk factor of splanchnic vein thrombosis (SVT). Recent studies revealed that a significant proportion of patients with ...SVT harbor a gain‐of‐function mutation in the JAK2 gene (V617F) with or without MPN. In this study, the authors investigated the prevalence of MPN and JAK2 V617F mutation in Korean patients with SVT.
Methods: The study subjects were 26 patients diagnosed as having SVT based on Doppler ultrasound and/or computed tomography from January 2008 to January 2010 (16 men and 10 women; mean age 44 years, range 15–75 years). The clinical and laboratory data were reviewed. The JAK2 V617F mutation was detected by allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing analyses using DNA from peripheral blood leukocytes.
Results: Among 26 study patients, 12 had portal vein thrombosis, five had hepatic vein thrombosis, three had mesenteric, and two had splenic vein thrombosis. Four patients had thrombosis involving more than one splanchnic vein. Two patients (7.7%; 2/26) had overt MPN (essential thrombocythemia). JAK2 V617F was detected in three patients (11.5%) including the two patients with overt MPN. Thus, the prevalence of the JAK2 V617F mutation in patients with SVT but without overt MPN was 4.2% (1/24).
Conclusion: The prevalence of overt MPN and that of JAK2 V617F were lower in Korean patients with SVT than in previous reports. Data from a larger number of patients with long‐term follow‐up are needed to reveal the clinical relevancy of JAK2 V617F in Korean patients with SVT.
Abstract Introduction Active inspired gas humidification (AH) preserves body heat and maintains normothermia intraoperatively. However, it is unclear whether AH shows comparable influences during ...liver transplantation (OLT), which may be affected by both large internal heat loss and external heat supply. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of AH compared with passive humidification (PH) on body temperature in OLT. Materials and Methods Thirty-four adult patients undergoing living donor OLT were randomly enrolled into two groups: those given AH using a heated humidifier (HH group, n = 17) and those using a heat-and-moisture exchanger (HME group, n = 17). Both core and skin temperatures (Tc and Ts), as well as respiratory parameters, including static/dynamic lung compliances and PaO2 , were recorded at predetermined times. Results Both Tc and Ts were consistently higher among the HH versus the HME group after 2 hours of anesthesia. Differences in Tc and Ts between the two groups increased gradually over time. The overall Tc during surgery was higher among the HH than the HME group ( P = .023). The incidences of hypothermia were lower in the HH group at 3 hours of anesthesia, 1 and 3 hours of reperfusion, and at the end of surgery ( P = .037, 0.024, 0.005, and 0.010 respectively). The duration of hypothermia was lower in the HH than the HME group (3.9 ± 3.5 hours versus 6.7 ± 3.3 hours, P = .025). Both groups showed no significant intraoperative changes in respiratory parameters; there were no postoperative respiratory complications. Conclusion Active humidification warms the patient's body effectively, lessening the incidence and duration of hypothermia during OLT with no respiratory risks.
The braking system of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is composed of friction and regenerative braking system, meaning that braking torque is generated by the collaboration of the friction and ...regenerative braking system. With the attributes, there are two problems in the HEV braking system. First, rapid deceleration occurs due to dynamic characteristic difference when shifting the friction and regenerative braking systems. Second, the friction braking torque alters with temperature because the friction coefficient changes with the temperature. These problems cause the vehicle to be unstable. In this paper, the concurrence control and compensation control were proposed to solve these problems. And also, the concurrence control and compensation control were combined for the stability of the braking system. In order to confirm the effect of these control algorithms, the experiment and simulation were conducted. Consequently, it was confirmed that the control algorithm of this study improved the vehicle safety and stability.
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