Embedded imperatives are cross-linguistically very rare. They are attested, for instance, in modern languages such as Slovenian and High German and historical languages such as Ancient Greek and Old ...Scandinavian. In the literature, it has long been established that imperatives can also be embedded in some Kajkavian dialects of Croatian, but to date, this phenomenon has not been thoroughly analyzed. The paper deals with the material collected by field research and analyses it within the framework of Medeiros’ (2015) minimalist approach to embedded imperatives, according to which the embedding of imperatives is possible only in the languages in which imperative morphology does not depend on the directive operator. In the researched Kajkavian dialects, embedded imperatives can occur only in complement clauses, but older texts show that in the written language, embedded imperatives are also possible in relative clauses. Unlike many other languages in which imperatives may be embedded, in the researched Kajkavian dialects, embedding is relatively free. Both true and surrogate imperatives may be embedded, the subject of embedded clauses can be null and overt and does not necessarily have to co-refer to the internal argument of the matrix predicate.
Jezici koji dopuštaju
umetanje imperativa vrlo su rijetki. Ta je pojava potvrđena, primjerice, u
suvremenim jezicima poput slovenskoga i visokonjemačkoga te povijesnim jezicima
poput starogrčkoga i staroskandinavskih. U literaturi je davno utvrđeno da
imperativi mogu biti umetnuti i u nekim govorima kajkavskoga narječja hrvatskoga
jezika, ali do danas ta pojava nije podrobnije analizirana. U radu se donosi građa
prikupljena terenskim istraživanjem te se analizira u okvirima Medeirosova (2015)
minimalističkoga pristupa umetnutim imperativima, prema kojem je umetanje imperativa
moguće samo u onim jezicima u kojima imperativna morfologija nije ovisna o
direktivnome operatoru. U istraženim se kajkavskim govorima umetnuti imperativi
ostvaruju samo u dopumbenim rečenicama, no stariji tekstovi pokazuju da je u
pisanome jeziku umetanje moguće i u restriktivnim relativnim rečenicama. Za razliku
od mnogih drugih jezika u kojima se imperativi mogu umetati, u istraženim je
kajkavskim govorima umetanje relativno slobodno. Umetnuti mogu biti i pravi i zamjenski
imperativi, subjekt umetnutih rečenica može biti prazan i leksički izražen te
ne mora nužno biti koreferentan s unutarnjim argumentom korijenskoga predikata.
Most used laminated glass is composed of float glass plies bonded together with a viscoelastic Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB) interlayer. The shear stiffness of the polymeric interlayer is the key factor in ...the behavior of laminated glass. Structural engineers in the past were designing laminated glass regardless of the shear coupling of the plies. This approach with a high level of reliability led to expensive laminated glass structures due to insufficient knowledge of foil properties. Most of the current standards suggest methods that consider the shear coupling of the plies. This paper presents the experimental data from a static loading test performed on a laminated glass panel exposed to changing temperatures. The deformations were observed for 48 h. The measured results were compared with the known analytical design approaches and in addition with the finite element modeling (FEM) analysis in the available software for laminated glass design. A simplified design approach that simulates foil behavior in dependence on load duration and temperature change was adopted in this study. Design approaches that use effective thickness calculations are used with the Young and shear relaxation modulus provided by the foil producer. The imprecision of the Eurocode standards for glass design, and the propensity to change the approach to the calculation by introducing more precise parameters were expounded. The results when combining the time-temperature superposition (TTS) and the Wölfel–Bennison approach were found to be in very good agreement with the FEM analysis of 3D solid elements in Abaqus and measured data.
Although glass façades have been on the market for over a century, new improvements, following sustainable standards, are still being invented. An improvement of the actively maintained CCF has ...occurred in passive maintenance with natural ventilation of the cavity and insulation glass unit placed on the external side, which has served as a true motivation for further research. To develop the idea, a new type of CCF was invented, followed by the creation of the software, whose purpose is to determine optimal CCF façade components. During this research, an experimental and mathematical model was made regarding the thermal behavior, later validated by the measurements on-site in Rugvica, Croatia. Using simplified but unconventional methods, numerous formulae and variables, a simulation of climatic loads onto the CCF was conducted. Validations of the thermal model were made during winter and summer periods for southern and western façade orientation, explaining how heat transfers from the environment to close cavity façade elements. It was found from the analysis that air temperatures of the façade elements follow the outer air temperature, by constant air exchange with the outer space. The results showed great potential with up to 3 °C (5–10%) of difference in experimental and calculated results, thus creating a basis for further improvement of the software with the addition of structural and hygric behavior of the façade element, regarding climate conditions.
The main aim of this study is to analyze fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bridge decks according to their material, cross-section, and shape geometry. Infill cell configurations of the decks ...(rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal, and honeycomb) were tested based on the FRP cell units available in the market. A comparison was made for each cell configuration in flat and curved bridge shapes. Another comparison was made between the material properties. Each model was computed for a composite layup material and a quasi-isotropic material. The quasi-isotropic material represents chopped fibers within a matrix. FE (finite element) analysis was performed on a total of 24 models using Abaqus software. The results show that the bridge shape geometry and infill configuration play an important role in increasing the stiffness, more so than improving the material properties. The arch shape of the bridge deck with quasi-isotropic material and chopped fibers was compared to the cross-ply laminate material in a flat bridge deck. The results show that the arch shape of the bridge deck contributed to the overall stiffness by reducing the deformation by an average of 30–40%. The results of this preliminary study will provide a basis for future research into form finding and laboratory testing.
The article examines the actuation characteristics of different basic structural schemes—basic body plans—for soft modular pneubotics in architecture are investigated. Eight basic body plans are ...translated from abstract expressions into their corresponding modular structures and (re)constructed in their physical form using up to 12 soft unit elements in the shape of a cube. Reconstructed basic body plans are then examined through a qualitative analysis of their ability to actuate and change the shape of the structure. Through adaptive manual inflation of an individual element, a group of elements, or all elements at once, motions and transformations are produced and evaluated. The results show that five out of eight basic body plans have higher actuation capacity while three show a less pronounced capacity to change shape. Based on the most pronounced characteristics of the examined basic body plans, design opportunities for potential architectural applications are proposed. These include structures that can self-erect, lift, tilt, bend, change thickness, curvature, etc. What is also shown is that basic body plans could be combined into one complex structural body.
U radu se na temelju građe prikupljene terenskim istraživanjem u listopadu 2015. g. opisuju osnovne značajke govora Petrovine i Domagovića u okolici
Jastrebarskoga, i to prvenstveno fonološke ...(vokalizam, konsonantizam i prozodija)
te u manjoj mjeri morfološke, sintaktičke i leksičke. Provedena analiza
pokazuje da se radi o tipičnim govorima prigorskoga dijalekta, među kojima
se ipak uočavaju određene razlike. Vokalizam je obaju govora doživio znatne
promjene u vidu fonoloških neutralizacija, tj. fonemskih zamjena, s tim da je u
Domagoviću funkcionalno pet zamjenskih tipova (o → u; o → a; o → ẹ; o →
i i ẹ → i), a u Petrovini tri zamjenska tipa (o → ẹ; o → i i ẹ → i), od kojih dva
pokazuju nedosljednosti u realizaciji. Jat je u naglašenome slogu u obama govorima
redovito dao ẹ, dok je u nenaglašenome položaju nakon neutralizacije
opreke po difuznosti ẹ ~ i prešao u i. Poluglas se uglavnom dosljedno odrazio
kao a. U konsonantizmu je prasl. *dj dalo j, dok su se prasl. *stj i *zdj odrazili
kao ś, odnosno kao ź. Naglasni sustav obaju govora čine ̏ , ̑ i ͂, a razmjerno
se često pojavljuje tzv. »tromi naglasak« kao aloton naglaska ̏ . Manje se
razlike među dvama govorima uočavaju u leksiku, npr. kȉša (P) ~ gdina (D);
jstrp (P) ~ škńac (D).
Članak donosi teorijski model za projektiranje mekih pneubotskih konstrukcija koje se mogu konstruirati i pokretati koristeći jedinični modularni volumenski element. Analizom konstrukcije mekih ...robota, pneumatski prilagodljivih i reagirajućih konstrukcija te umjetničkih instalacija, dobiven je set od četiriju osnovnih tipova tjelesnih nacrta kao apstraktnih izraza za projektiranje složenih modularnih pneubotskih konstrukcija u arhitekturi.
This article introduces a theoretical model for the design of pneubotic structures that can be constructed and actuated by using the modular unit volume element. Through analysis of construction of soft robots, pneumatically adaptive and responsive structures and art installations, a set of four basic body plans is proposed, as abstract expressions that form a base for the design of soft modular pneubotics in architecture.
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been associated with the development of prostate cancer. The aim of the study was to clarify whether IL-6 expression in prostate tissue could be a useful marker in ...differentiation of prostate diseases in small foci by pathologist visual scoring. Archival paraffin-embedded specimens of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), prostatitis and prostate adenocarcinoma were studied by immunohistochemistry with a mouse monoclonal antibody IL-6 using the streptavidin–biotin method. Significantly, lower IL-6 immunoreactivity was observed in normal epithelial cells (p=0.000) and basal cells (p=0.000) in the samples of prostate adenocarcinoma in comparison to the samples with BPH, PIN and prostatitis. There was no significant difference in IL-6 expression in malignant and premalignant cells (p=0.814) as well as in stromal cells among the four diagnoses (p=0.22). IL-6 was expressed in normal epithelial cells, premalignant epithelial cells and malignant epithelial cells as well as in stromal cells. However, in our research IL-6 was of limited utility as a single marker for differential diagnosis of the prostate diseases in small foci needle biopsy by pathologist visual scoring. The standardization of immunohistochemical (IHC) staining protocol for IL-6 is required to determine IL-6 expression in order to avoid possible misinterpretation of the IHC results.
Poznato je da hrvatskoglagoljske neliturgijske zbornike nastale od posljednje četvrtine 14. stoljeća do početka druge polovice 16. stoljeća karakterizira miješanje čakavskih i crkvenoslavenskih ...elemenata. Mnogo je manje pak podataka o jeziku hrvatskoglagoljskih neliturgijskih zbornika koji nastaju od druge polovice 16. stoljeća, odnosno poslije 1561. godine, koja se tradicionalno smatra simboličnim završetkom crkvenoslavenskoga razdoblja u Hrvatskoj. U ovome se radu osvjetljavanju jezične slike te skupine neliturgijskih zbornika pokušava doprinijeti analizom tekstova Fatevićeva zbornika duhovnoga štiva iz 1617. g., koji se, s obzirom na žanrovsku raznolikost u njemu zapisanih tekstova te na njihovo raznorodno podrijetlo, uzima kao dobar predstavnik zborničkih kodeksa nastalih u prvim desetljećima po svršetku hrvatskoga crkvenoslavenskog razdoblja. Osnovni je cilj pritom utvrditi položaj i genezu crkvenoslavenskih elemenata u kodeksu, odnosno razlike koje u tom pogledu postoje u odnosu na stanje u (kasno)srednjovjekovnim zbornicima. Kako bi se to ostvarilo uspoređuje se jezik odgovarajućih tekstova u Fatevićevu zborniku i u starijim neliturgijskim zbornicima te jezik novoprevedenih tekstova i tekstova prepisanih sa starijih predložaka u okvirima samoga Fatevićeva zbornika. Analizom je utvrđeno da su crkvenoslavenski elementi u Fatevićevu zborniku ograničeni uglavnom na tekstove čije su inačice poznate iz (kasno) srednjovjekovnih neliturgijskih zbornika (premda su i u njima na svim jezičnim razinama u očitom povlačenju), dok u novim prijevodima crkvenoslavenska sastavnica gotovo u potpunosti izostaje.
It is well known that Croatian Glagolitic non-liturgical miscellanies written in the period between the last quarter of the 14th century and the beginning of the second half of the 16th century are characterized by a mixture of Čakavian and Church Slavonic elements. There is much less information about the language of Croatian Glagolitic non-liturgical miscellanies written after the middle of the 16th century, i.e., after 1561, which is traditionally considered as the symbolic end of the Church Slavonic period in Croatia. This paper tries to shed light on the language of this group of non-liturgical miscellanies by analysing the texts of the Fatević Miscellany of Spiritual Texts from 1617, which, given the genre diversity of the preserved texts and their diverse origins, is taken to be a good representative of non-liturgical codices written in the first decades after the end of the Croatian Church Slavonic period. The main goal is to determine the position and genesis of Church Slavonic elements in the codex, i.e., the differences that exist in this regard in relation to the situation in (late) medieval miscellanies. In order to achieve this, the language of the corresponding texts in the Fatević Miscellany and in older non-liturgical miscellanies is compared, as well as the language of newly translated texts and texts transcribed from older exemplars within the Fatević Miscellany. The analysis shows that the Church Slavonic elements in the Fatević Miscellany are limited mainly to texts whose versions are known from older (late) medieval non-liturgical miscellanies (although they are in obvious withdrawal at all language levels), while in new translations the Church Slavonic features are almost completely absent.
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