This book contains a series of essays that explore the foundations, developments, and goals of Phase Theory. The antecedents of this framework go back to the notion of 'cycle', which plays a key role ...in phenomena such as compositionality, locality, and economy conditions. Much recent work within minimalism has been devoted to investigating the nature of phases and their relevance for other areas of linguistic inquiry. This book aims to address these questions and sharpen our understanding about Phase Theory and the nature of the Faculty of Language. Ángel J. Gallego, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
This volume brings together studies that combine both traditional and contemporary tools in the study of syntactic geolectal variation, with a special focus on a subset of Iberian varieties.
Sorafenib is the unique accepted molecular targeted drug for the treatment of patients in advanced stage of hepatocellular carcinoma. The current study evaluated cell signaling regulation of ...endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, c‐Jun‐N‐terminal kinase (JNK), Akt, and 5′AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) leading to autophagy and apoptosis induced by sorafenib. Sorafenib induced early (3–12 hr) ER stress characterized by an increase of Ser51P‐eIF2α/eIF2α, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), IRE1α, and sXBP1, but a decrease of activating transcription factor 6 expression, overall temporally associated with the increase of Thr183,Tyr185P‐JNK1/2/JNK1/2, Thr172P‐AMPKα, Ser413P‐Foxo3a, Thr308P‐AKt/AKt and Thr32P‐Foxo3a/Foxo3a ratios, and reduction of Ser2481P‐mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/mTOR and protein translation. This pattern was related to a transient increase of tBid, Bim
EL, Beclin‐1, Bcl‐xL, Bcl‐2, autophagy markers, and reduction of myeloid cell leukemia‐1 (Mcl‐1) expression. The progressive increase of CHOP expression, and reduction of Thr308P‐AKt/AKt and Ser473P‐AKt/AKt ratios were associated with the reduction of autophagic flux and an additional upregulation of Bim
EL expression and caspase‐3 activity (24 hr). Small interfering‐RNA (si‐RNA) assays showed that Bim, but not Bak and Bax, was involved in the induction of caspase‐3 in sorafenib‐treated HepG2 cells. Sorafenib increased autophagic and apoptotic markers in tumor‐derived xenograft model. In conclusion, the early sorafenib‐induced ER stress and regulation of JNK and AMPK‐dependent signaling were related to the induction of survival autophagic process. The sustained drug treatment induced a progressive increase of ER stress and PERK‐CHOP‐dependent rise of Bim
EL, which was associated with the shift from autophagy to apoptosis. The kinetic of Bim
EL expression profile might also be related to the tight balance between AKt‐ and AMPK‐related signaling leading to Foxo3a‐dependent BIM
EL upregulation.
The early sorafenib‐induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and regulation of JNK and AMPK‐dependent signaling were related to the induction of survival autophagic process. The sustained drug treatment induced a progressive increase of ER stress and PERK‐CHOP‐dependent rise of BimEL, which was associated with the shift from autophagy to apoptosis.
Language, apart from its cultural and social dimension, has a scientific side that is connected not only to the study of 'grammar' in a more or less traditional sense, but also to disciplines like ...mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology. This book explores developments in linguistic theory, looking in particular at the theory of generative grammar from the perspective of the natural sciences. It highlights the complex and dynamic nature of language, suggesting that a comprehensive and full understanding of such a species-specific property will only be achieved through interdisciplinary work.
This paper revisits the study of linguistic variation within the Government and Binding approach to parameters, pointing out some limitations of parameter schemata in language contact scenarios. ...Discussion is focused on the possibility that clustering effects (the schemata themselves) are more complex than conventional approaches suggest. We outline an alternative approach, directly connected to Uriagereka’s typology or parameters, which is itself based on Chomsky’s Theory of Formal Languages. Empirically, we focus on language contact situations, as they provide cases where variation by contact operates under what we call an Excess of Stimulus, whereby access to the relevant data is overwhelming, but somehow ignored by learners.
This paper discusses a series of morpho-syntactic properties of Romance languages that have the functional projection vP as its locus, showing a continuum that goes from strongly configurational ...Romance languages to partially configurational Romance languages. It is argued that v-related phenomena like Differential Object Marking (DOM), participial agreement, oblique clitics, auxiliary selection, and others align in a systematic way when it comes to inflectional properties that involve Case-agreement properties. In order to account for the facts, I argue for a micro-parametric approach whereby v can be associated with an additional projection subject to variation (cf. D’Alessandro,
. Ms., University of Leiden, 2012; Microvariation and syntactic theory. What dialects tell us about language. Invited talk given at the workshop The Syntactic Variation of Catalan and Spanish Dialects, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, June 26–28, 2013; Ordóñez, Cartography of postverbal subjects in Spanish and Catalan. In Sergio Baauw, Frank AC Drijkoningen & Manuela Pinto (eds.),
, 259–280. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2007). I label such projection “X,” arguing that its feature content and position varies across Romance. More generally, the present paper aims at contributing to our understanding of parametric variation of closely related languages by exploiting the intuition, embodied in the so-called Borer-Chomsky Conjecture, that linguistic variation resides in the functional inventory of the lexicon.
This paper recasts Chomsky's (2007, 2008)
, arguing that the syntactic relation between phase heads and non-phase heads must be regarded as that of
: Non-phase heads are (copies of) phase heads. From ...this perspective, e.g., C and T are one and the very same unit in the lexicon, a unit that can (and sometimes must) undergo a process of Internal Merge (IM) during the derivation, creating a discontinuous object (i.e., a non-trivial chain) that gives rise to the – apparent – non-phase head / phase head distinction. The analysis has several consequences. Firstly, it provides an explanation for the fact that the features of phases heads are inherited by non-phase heads (under a copy-based approach, this is simply automatic). Secondly, it accounts for the functioning of phase and non-phase heads `as a unit' in the Case-agreement systems (as argued by Chomsky 2004, Epstein et al. 2012). Thirdly, since non-phase heads are copies of phase heads, it also follows that they need not be seen as feature-less elements in the lexicon (as mere feature receptacles, cf. Richards 2007). Fourthly, this approach allows us to dispense with the idea that either C and T trigger simultaneous operations (Chomsky 2008), or that the operations triggered by T are actually driven by C (derivatively); this is welcome, since both alternatives involve a restricted (phase-based) margin of countercyclicity. Finally, the present analysis makes it possible to dispense with
, understood as a brandnew, UG enriching, feature-depriving mechanism. Rejecting this commonly accepted view of
takes into account the problems attributed to feature-movement in the syntax (Chomsky's 1995
).
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