We use a formulation of Noether's theorem for contact Hamiltonian systems to derive a relation between the thermodynamic entropy and the Noether invariant associated with time-translational symmetry. ...In the particular case of thermostatted systems at equilibrium, we show that the total entropy of the system plus the reservoir are conserved as a consequence thereof. Our results contribute to understanding thermodynamic entropy from a geometric point of view.
Background
Multidimensional flow cytometry (MFC) is routinely used for the diagnosis and follow‐up of hematolymphoid neoplasms but its contribution to the identification of non‐hematolymphoid ...malignant tumors is limited.
Methods
The presence of non‐hematolymphoid cells in clinical samples obtained via minimally invasive methods was ascertained by using a panel of monoclonal antibodies previously developed in our laboratory comprising a mixture of antibodies: CD9‐PacB/CD45‐OC515/CD57‐FITC/CD56‐PE/CD3‐PerCP‐Cy5.5/CD117‐PE‐Cy7/CD326‐APC/CD81‐APC‐C750. Histopathological studies were performed using standard techniques.
Results
164 specimens of different origins were included. Malignancy was finally confirmed in 142 (86.5%), while 22 non neoplastic samples were identified. The most frequent diagnosis was small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) (50%). High sensitivity (S = 98.6%) was reached combining MFC and conventional pathology. Individual markers differed according to the cellular origin of the neoplasm, with neuroendocrine tumors showing a unique immunophenotypic profile (CD56+ CD326+ CD117−/+ and variable tetraspanins expression). Principal component analysis efficiently distinguished SCLC from other tumor samples. In immune cell populations, differences between reactive and malignant biopsies were found in different cell compartments, especially in B cells and Plasma cells. Differences also emerged in the percentage of CD4+ CD8− T cells, CD4‐CD8+ T cells and NK cells and these were dependent on the origin of the tumor cells.
Conclusions
These results support the use of MFC as a rapid and valuable technique to detect non‐hematolymphoid tumoral cells in clinical specimens, providing an initial orientation to complement hystopathological studies and allow a more precise diagnosis, especially in neuroendocrine neoplasms. The impact of different immune cell patterns warrants further research.
Medulloblastoma is the primary malignant tumor of the Central Nervous System (CNS) most common in pediatrics. We present here, the histological, molecular, and functional analysis of a cohort of 88 ...pediatric medulloblastoma tumor samples. The WNT-activated subgroup comprised 10% of our cohort, and all WNT-activated patients had exon 3
mutations and were immunostained for nuclear β-catenin. One novel heterozygous
mutation was found, which resulted in the deletion of β-catenin Ser37 residue (ΔS37). The ΔS37 β-catenin variant ectopically expressed in U2OS human osteosarcoma cells displayed higher protein expression levels than wild-type β-catenin, and functional analysis disclosed gain-of-function properties in terms of elevated TCF/LEF transcriptional activity in cells. Our results suggest that the stabilization and nuclear accumulation of ΔS37 β-catenin contributed to early medulloblastoma tumorigenesis.
In this paper we show that the vanishing of the scalar curvature of Ruppeiner-like metrics does not characterize the ideal gas. Furthermore, we claim through an example that flatness is not a ...sufficient condition to establish the absence of interactions in the underlying microscopic model of a thermodynamic system, which poses a limitation on the usefulness of Ruppeiner's metric and conjecture. Finally, we address the problem of the choice of coordinates in black hole thermodynamics. We propose an alternative energy representation for Kerr-Newman black holes that mimics fully Weinhold's approach. The corresponding Ruppeiner's metrics become degenerate only at absolute zero and have non-vanishing scalar curvatures.
To summarize the peer-reviewed literature on corneal structural changes after orthokeratology (OK) and to analyze the quality of the studies published.
An exhaustive search was carried out in the ...databases Pubmed MEDLINE, Web of Science and Scopus. Original studies in English, with a cohort or experimental design and analyzing the cellular and structural changes of the cornea after OK fitting for myopia correction were selected. The NewCastle-Ottawa Assessment Scale (NOS) tool was used to analyze the quality of the studies selected.
The search provided a total of 1837 articles, of which 12 were selected following the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All studies had good quality according to the NOS tool (mean 7.58 ± 1.31). The mean ± standard deviation follow-up period of lens wear in the studies evaluated was 19.27 ± 33.97 months. The following reversible changes after OK have been reported: reduction in central epithelial basal cells, an increase in height and especially in width of superficial epithelial cells, as well as an increase in central stromal thickness and in the number of active keratocytes. Concerning corneal endothelium, only changes in terms of polymegathism were reported that were compatible with those observed for other types of contact lens wear. In relation to corneal sensitivity, there was a reduction during the use of OK, as well as in the nervous density of the sub-basal plexus at the central level, with some contradictory outcomes concerning the reversibility of these changes.
OK produces reversible structural changes in the central epithelium and central anterior corneal stroma, as well as a decrease in the nerve density of the sub-basal plexus and corneal sensitivity. The quality of published studies evaluating these aspects is good, although more studies are needed to evaluate longer follow-up changes.
Group 4 tumours (MB
Grp4
) represent the majority of non-WNT/non-SHH medulloblastomas. Their clinical course is poorly predicted by current risk-factors. MB
Grp4
molecular substructures have been ...identified (e.g. subgroups/cytogenetics/mutations), however their inter-relationships and potential to improve clinical sub-classification and risk-stratification remain undefined. We comprehensively characterised the paediatric MB
Grp4
molecular landscape and determined its utility to improve clinical management. A clinically-annotated discovery cohort (n = 362 MB
Grp4
) was assembled from UK-CCLG institutions and SIOP-UKCCSG-PNET3, HIT-SIOP-PNET4 and PNET HR + 5 clinical trials. Molecular profiling was undertaken, integrating driver mutations, second-generation non-WNT/non-SHH subgroups (1–8) and whole-chromosome aberrations (WCAs). Survival models were derived for patients ≥ 3 years of age who received contemporary multi-modal therapies (n = 323). We first independently derived and validated a favourable-risk WCA group (WCA-FR) characterised by ≥ 2 features from chromosome 7 gain, 8 loss, and 11 loss. Remaining patients were high-risk (WCA-HR). Subgroups 6 and 7 were enriched for WCA-FR (p < 0·0001) and aneuploidy. Subgroup 8 was defined by predominantly balanced genomes with isolated isochromosome 17q (p < 0·0001). While no mutations were associated with outcome and overall mutational burden was low, WCA-HR harboured recurrent chromatin remodelling mutations (p = 0·007). Integration of methylation and WCA groups improved risk-stratification models and outperformed established prognostication schemes. Our MB
Grp4
risk-stratification scheme defines: favourable-risk (non-metastatic disease and (i) subgroup 7 or (ii) WCA-FR (21% of patients, 5-year PFS 97%)), very-high-risk (metastatic disease with WCA-HR (36%, 5-year PFS 49%)) and high-risk (remaining patients; 43%, 5-year PFS 67%). These findings validated in an independent MB
Grp4
cohort (n = 668). Importantly, our findings demonstrate that previously established disease-wide risk-features (i.e. LCA histology and
MYC(N)
amplification) have little prognostic relevance in MB
Grp4
disease. Novel validated survival models, integrating clinical features, methylation and WCA groups, improve outcome prediction and re-define risk-status for ~ 80% of MB
Grp4
. Our MB
Grp4
favourable-risk group has MB
WNT
-like excellent outcomes, thereby doubling the proportion of medulloblastoma patients who could benefit from therapy de-escalation approaches, aimed at reducing treatment induced late-effects while sustaining survival outcomes. Novel approaches are urgently required for the very-high-risk patients.
The disposable bronchoscope is an excellent alternative to face the problem of SARS-CoV-2 and other cross infections, but the bronchoscopist's perception of its quality has not been evaluated.
To ...evaluate the quality of the Ambu-aScope4 disposable bronchoscope, we carried out a cross-sectional study in 21 Spanish pulmonology services. We use a standardized questionnaire completed by the bronchoscopists at the end of each bronchoscopy. The variables were described with absolute and relative frequencies, measures of central tendency and dispersion depending on their nature. The existence of learning curves was evaluated by CUSUM analysis.
The most frequent indications in 300 included bronchoscopies was bronchial aspiration in 69.3% and the median duration of these was 9.1 min. The route of entry was nasal in 47.2% and oral in 34.1%. The average score for ease of use, image, and aspiration quality was 80/100. All the planned techniques were performed in 94.9% and the bronchoscopist was satisfied in 96.6% of the bronchoscopies. They highlighted the portability and immediacy of the aScope4TM to start the procedure in 99.3%, the possibility of taking and storing images in 99.3%. The CUSUM analysis showed average scores > 70/100 from the first procedure and from the 9th procedure more than 80% of the scores exceeded the 80/100 score.
The aScope4™ scored well for ease of use, imaging, and aspiration. We found a learning curve with excellent scores from the 9th procedure. Bronchoscopists highlighted its portability, immediacy of use and the possibility of taking and storing images.
Adiabatic lapse rate of real gases Díaz, Bogar; García-Ariza, Miguel Ángel; Ramírez, J. E.
Physical review. E,
07/2022, Letnik:
106, Številka:
1
Journal Article
.
We study the effect of the second virial coefficient on the adiabatic lapse rate of a dry atmosphere. To this end, we compute the corresponding adiabatic curves, the internal energy, and the heat ...capacity, among other thermodynamic parameters. We apply these results to Earth, Mars, Venus, Titan, and the exoplanet G1 851d, considering three physically relevant virial coefficients in each case: the hard-sphere, van der Waals, and the square-well potential. These examples illustrate under which atmospheric conditions the effect of the second virial coefficient is relevant. Taking the latter into account yields corrections towards the experimental values of the lapse rates of Venus and Titan in some instances.
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