Background
Cardiovascular disorders remain the leading cause of death in type 2 diabetic patients. In the present study, a systematic review and a meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) ...were conducted aiming to evaluate the effect of magnesium supplementation on type 2 diabetes (T2D) associated cardiovascular risk factors in both diabetic and nondiabetic individuals.
Methods
PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases were searched from inception to 30 June 2016 aiming to identify RCTs evaluating the effect of magnesium supplementation on T2D associated cardiovascular risk factors. The data were analysed using a random effect model with inverse variance methodology. Sensitivity analysis, risk of bias analysis, subgroup analysis, meta‐regression and publication bias analysis were also conducted for the included studies using standard methods.
Results
Following magnesium supplementation, a significant improvement was observed in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) weighted mean difference (WMD) = −4.641 mg dL−1, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −7.602, −1.680, P = 0.002, high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) (WMD = 3.197 mg dL−1, 95% CI = 1.455, 4.938, P < 0.001), low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) (WMD = −10.668 mg dL−1, 95% CI = −19.108, −2.228, P = 0.013), plasma triglycerides (TG) (WMD = −15.323 mg dL−1, 95% CI = −28.821, −1.826, P = 0.026) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) (WMD = −3.056 mmHg, 95% CI = −5.509, −0.603, P = 0.015). During subgroup analysis, a more beneficial effect of magnesium supplementation was observed in diabetic subjects with hypomagnesaemia.
Conclusions
Magnesium supplementation can produce a favourable effect on FPG, HDL, LDL, TG and SBP. Therefore, magnesium supplementation may decrease the risk T2D associated cardiovascular diseases, although future large RCTs are needed for making robust guidelines for clinical practice.
► Drag law for gas–solids flow using particle-resolved simulation of fixed spheres. ► Numerical method PUReIBM based on immersed boundary method with no forcing in fluid. ► PUReIBM is accurate, ...numerically convergent and consistent with two-fluid theory. ► New drag correlation is proposed that can be used in CFD simulation of fluidized beds.
Gas–solid momentum transfer is a fundamental problem that is characterized by the dependence of normalized average fluid–particle force
F on solid volume fraction
ϕ and the Reynolds number based on the mean slip velocity Re
m
. In this work we report particle-resolved direct numerical simulation (DNS) results of interphase momentum transfer in flow past fixed random assemblies of monodisperse spheres with finite fluid inertia using a continuum Navier–Stokes solver. This solver is based on a new formulation we refer to as the Particle-resolved Uncontaminated-fluid Reconcilable Immersed Boundary Method (PUReIBM). The principal advantage of this formulation is that the fluid stress at the particle surface is calculated directly from the flow solution (velocity and pressure fields), which when integrated over the surfaces of all particles yields the average fluid–particle force. We demonstrate that PUReIBM is a consistent numerical method to study gas–solid flow because it results in a force density on particle surfaces that is reconcilable with the averaged two-fluid theory. The numerical convergence and accuracy of PUReIBM are established through a comprehensive suite of validation tests. The normalized average fluid–particle force
F is obtained as a function of solid volume fraction
ϕ (0.1
⩽
ϕ
⩽
0.5) and mean flow Reynolds number Re
m
(0.01
⩽
Re
m
⩽
300) for random assemblies of monodisperse spheres. These results extend previously reported results of
Hill et al. (2001a,b) to a wider range of
ϕ, Re
m
, and are more accurate than those reported by
Beetstra et al. (2007). Differences between the drag values obtained from PUReIBM and the drag correlation of
Beetstra et al. (2007) are as high as 30% for Re
m
in the range 100–300. We take advantage of PUReIBM’s ability to directly calculate the relative contributions of pressure and viscous stress to the total fluid–particle force, which is useful in developing drag correlations. Using a scaling argument,
Hill et al. (2001b) proposed that the viscous contribution is independent of Re
m
but the pressure contribution is linear in Re
m
(for Re
m
>
50). However, from PUReIBM simulations we find that the viscous contribution is not independent of the mean flow Reynolds number, although the pressure contribution does indeed vary linearly with Re
m
in accord with the analysis of
Hill et al. (2001b). An improved correlation for
F in terms of
ϕ and Re
m
is proposed that corrects the existing correlations in Re
m
range 100–300. Since this drag correlation has been inferred from simulations of fixed particle assemblies, it does not include the effect of mobility of the particles. However, the fixed-bed simulation approach is a good approximation for high Stokes number particles, which are encountered in most gas–solid flows. This improved drag correlation can be used in CFD simulations of fluidized beds that solve the average two-fluid equations where the accuracy of the drag law affects the prediction of overall flow behavior.
PurposeAdopting the circular economy (CE) notion in the supply chain perspective is necessary for the sustainability viewpoint. However, such practices are deficient, especially in developing ...countries like India, because of several obstacles. The purpose of this study was to create an approach for circular supply chain management (CSCM) adaption in Indian rubber industries by identifying and evaluating its associated obstacles.Design/methodology/approachA hybrid approach of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the grey-based ELECTRE method had been employed in this research to obtain the mutual rankings of the identified obstacles based on their impressions on the CSCM prosperity criteria through a case study and involving diverse expert's opinions.FindingsPresented study's findings illustrate that “Lack of consumer knowledge and consciousness towards environmental sustainability” was found to be the top-ranked obstacle followed by “Unwillingness towards supply chain re-structuring”.Research limitations/implicationsThe obstacles' prioritized rankings could help leaders to create sequential strategies for adapting a resilient CSCM structure by systematically eliminating these obstacles. Moreover, the pinpointed critical obstacles could be investigated further in separate studies and generate future studies' scope.Originality/valueDuring the extensive literature survey, it had been found that the CSCM practices are in the fledgling stage in the developing country's context. Moreover, studies related to CSCM adaption in rubber-based manufacturing industries were much lacking. Presented work is peculiar, aiming to accelerate the CSCM adaption in the industrial rubber sector in developing countries like India.
Few studies on single-frame super-resolution (SFSR) exist for real-world hyperspectral images due to fewer training samples and paucity of freely available high-resolution ground truth for ...validation. Consequently, a user relies on the simulated results from test datasets. This gap is filled by super-resolving real-time Hyperion and PRISMA data of Ahmedabad in India and introducing a structure of comparing and validating super-resolved outputs. Proposing open-source panchromatic and multispectral data as visual examination references, the first-ever SFSR results on PRISMA are presented. Findings suggest reconstruction-based SFSR algorithm outperforms at scale factors (SFs) 2 and 4 for Hyperion and SFs 2, 3 and 4 for PRISMA. The hybrid SFSR algorithm stands out at SF 3 for Hyperion. External dictionaries utilized by learning-based SFSR algorithms experience degradation with increasing spatial resolution. Although image quality declines slightly at higher SFs, out of the chosen algorithms, reconstruction and hybrid-based algorithms outperform learning-based algorithms in producing enhanced spatial and spectral fidelity outputs in the present case.
Highlights • This review introduces the severity of death occurred due to chlorpyrifos poisoning in India. • Chemistry, exposure, mechanism of toxicity, sign and symptoms, toxicokinetics, ...medico-legal aspects and detection of chlorpyrifos are discussed. • Review includes reported cases of chlorpyrifos poisoning and the poisoning data showing its use in suicidal, accidental and homicidal deaths. • This manuscript is prepared by taking in account its fatal implication on exposed people.
The sustainable development and management of groundwater resource requires precise quantitative assessment based on scientific principle and modern techniques. In the present study, groundwater ...potential zone are delineated using remote sensing, geographical information system (GIS) and multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) techniques in Unnao district, Uttar Pradesh. The analytical network process (ANP) is a method that makes it possible for one to deal systematically, and includes the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) as a special case. The AHP and ANP are used to determine the weights of various themes and their classes for identifying the groundwater potential zone. These weights are applied in a linear combination to obtain five different groundwater potential zone in the study area, namely ‘very poor’, ‘poor’, ‘moderate’, ‘good’ and ‘very good’. It has been concluded that about 153.39 km
2
area has very good groundwater potential which is only 3.37% of the total study area. However, the area having very poor groundwater potential is about 850 km
2
which is about 19.63% of the study area. The area having good, moderate and poor groundwater potential is about 540.25, 1135.5, 1868.6 km
2
, respectively. The groundwater potential zone map was finally verified using the well yield data of 37 pumping wells, and the result was found satisfactory.
Let
G
be a finite non-Abelian
p
-group, where
p
is an odd prime, such that
G/Z
(
G
) is metacyclic. We prove that all commuting automorphisms of
G
form a subgroup of Aut(
G
) if and only if
G
is of ...nilpotence class 2.
Inconel 718 is a high-nickel-content superalloy which possesses excellent strength at elevated temperatures and resistance to oxidation and corrosion. This alloy has wide applications in the ...manufacturing of aircraft engine parts such as turbine disks, blades, combustors and casings, extrusion dies and containers, and hot work tools and dies, but the inherent problems in machining of superalloys with conventional techniques necessitate the use of alternative machining processes. The wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) process has been recently explored as a good alternative of conventional machining methods, but there is lack of data and suitable models for predicting the performance of WEDM process particularly for Inconel 718. In the present work, empirical modeling of process parameters of the WEDM has been carried out for Inconel 718 using a well-known experimental design approach called response surface methodology. The parameters such as pulse-on time, pulse-off time, peak current, spark gap voltage, wire feed rate, and wire tension have been selected as input variables keeping others constant. The performance has been measured in terms of cutting rate and surface roughness. The models developed are found to be reliable representatives of the experimental results with prediction errors less than ±5 %. The optimized values of cutting rate and surface roughness achieved through multi-response optimization are 2.55 mm/min and 2.54 μm, respectively.
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