We present the EpIC Monte Carlo event generator for exclusive processes based on generalised parton distributions. EpIC utilises the PARTONS framework, which provides a flexible software architecture ...and a variety of modelling options for the partonic description of the nucleon. The generator offers a comprehensive set of features, including simulation of a variety of exclusive processes and radiative corrections. It may be used both in the analysis of experimental data, as well as for impact studies, especially for the future electron-ion colliders.
A dLight-ful New View of Neuromodulation Cosme, Caitlin V.; Palissery, Gates K.; Lerner, Talia N.
Trends in neurosciences,
09/2018, Letnik:
41, Številka:
9
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Neuromodulators such as dopamine can transform neural circuit function, but the mechanisms underlying such transformations are incompletely understood. A recent study introduced dLight1, a ...genetically encoded fluorescent dopamine indicator. dLight1 allows the optical measurement of dopamine sensed by isolated target circuits with high spatiotemporal resolution and has unique advantages for the study of neuromodulatory mechanisms.
SCOPE: Resistance of proteins to gastrointestinal digestion may play a role in determining immune‐mediated adverse reactions to foods. However, digestion studies have largely been restricted to ...purified proteins and the impact of food processing and food matrices on protein digestibility is poorly understood. METHODS AND RESULTS: Digestibility of a total gliadin fraction (TGF), flour (cv Hereward), and bread was assessed using in vitro batch digestion with simulated oral, gastric, and duodenal phases. Protein digestion was monitored by SDS‐PAGE and immunoblotting using monoclonal antibodies specific for celiac‐toxic sequences (QQSF, QPFP) and starch digestion by measuring undigested starch. Whereas the TGF was rapidly digested during the gastric phase the gluten proteins in bread were virtually undigested and digested rapidly during the duodenal phase only if amylase was included. Duodenal starch digestion was also slower in the absence of duodenal proteases. CONCLUSION: The baking process reduces the digestibility of wheat gluten proteins, including those containing sequences active in celiac disease. Starch digestion affects the extent of protein digestion, probably because of gluten‐starch complex formation during baking. Digestion studies using purified protein fractions alone are therefore not predictive of digestion in complex food matrices.
Introduction
Stress is a risk factor for developing psychopathology. Emerging evidence suggests that daily experiences of stress may also predict symptoms during the day. It is unclear to what extent ...the influence of stress on psychopathology during the day is the same across individuals (including across diagnostic boundaries), and which effects are individual-specific
Objectives
This study aims to reveal how stress and symptoms are interrelated in a cross-diagnostic context by modeling individual level temporal networks, and examining subgroups with similar dynamics.
Methods
Hundred twenty two young adults (43.4% women) with a wide range of psychopathology in terms of severity and type of problems completed a six-month daily diary study. We used a temporal network approach (i.e., group iterative multiple model estimation) to model how stress and ten specific symptoms (e.g., feeling down, paranoia, restlessness) were related across time at the individual-specific, subgroup, and group level.
Results
After controlling for the lagged influence of stress on itself, stress level predicted the level of restlessness, worrying, nervousness, and feeling down during the same day for >70% of individuals. We observed three larger subgroups with each over 20 individuals, whose temporal networks showed different dynamic patterns involving specific symptoms. Effects of stress on other specific symptoms differed across individuals, and these were not subgroup-specific.
Conclusions
This study showed important overlap between individuals in terms of impact of stress on psychopathology in daily life. Subtle differences between individuals were also observed. Possibly, such differences are relevant for examining individual-specific vulnerability for future psychopathology. This requires further investigation.
Disclosure
No significant relationships.
Hereditary pancreatitis (HP) is a rare, early-onset genetic disorder characterized by epigastric pain and often more serious complications. We now report that an Arg-His substitution at residue 117 ...of the cationic trypsinogen gene is associated with the HP phenotype. This mutation was observed in all HP affected individuals and obligate carriers from five kindreds, but not in individuals who married into the families nor in 140 unrelated individuals. X-ray crystal structure analysis, molecular modelling, and protein digest data indicate that the Arg 117 residue is a trypsin-sensitive site. Cleavage at this site is probably part of a fail-safe mechanism by which trypsin, which is activated within the pancreas, may be inactivated; loss of this cleavage site would permit autodigestion resulting in pancreatitis.
Two weeks before parturition, 38 Holstein primiparous and multiparous cows were assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: control animals (n = 13) received regular total mixed rations (TMR), the low-dose ...group (n = 14) received the control TMR plus 6 x 10¹⁰ cfu/cow of Propionibacterium strain P169 (P169), and the high-dose group (n = 11) received the control TMR plus 6 x 10¹¹ cfu/cow of P169 from -2 to 30 wk postpartum. Weekly milk samples were analyzed for percentage of milk fat, protein, lactose, and SNF, milk urea nitrogen, and somatic cell counts. Daily milk production expressed as 4% fat-corrected milk was affected by treatment and week x parity. High-dose and low-dose P169-treated cows exhibited 7.1 and 8.5% increases above controls in daily 4% fat-corrected milk, respectively. Treatment x parity and week significantly influenced percentage of milk fat, lactose, and protein, whereas treatment x parity and treatment x week influenced SNF. Ruminal propionate levels were influenced by treatment such that high-dose P169 cows had greater molar percentage of propionate than did low-dose P169 and control cows. Change in body weight postpartum was influenced by week x parity and treatment x parity such that high-dose and low-dose P169 multiparous cows exhibited a more rapid recovery of wk-1 body weight than did control multiparous cows. There was no treatment, parity, or interaction on days to first postpartum ovulation or on estrous behavior at 45 and 90 d postpartum. We concluded that P169 might have potential as an effective direct-fed microorganism to increase milk production in dairy cows.
Canals compose the arterial structure of irrigated agriculture, transporting free-surface flows to the vast majority of the world’s most productive farmland. Here we present a critical review and ...perspective of studies that describe the widespread and serious issue of seepage losses that occur as flows move through this critical network of watercourses. Such losses impact the hydrologic setting and pose challenges to water conservation, agricultural productivity, and water quality. With an aim to better understand the characterization and control of irrigation canal seepage in actual field settings, studies employing the most common field methods (inflow-outflow, ponding, and point measurements) in canals with different perimeter types (earthen, or treated with hard-surface, flexible membrane, compacted earth, and polymer sealants) are considered. Information from 44 peer-reviewed journal articles (impact factor > 1.5) is summarized, synthesized, and evaluated. Statistics of measured seepage categorized by different units, methods of measurement, and type of canal treatment indicate significant variation within and across categories. Given the variation in site-specific conditions, reported seepage rates also vary markedly, with seepage from earthen canals ranging on the order of 0.1–1 m3/day per m2 of canal perimeter area. We find that much of the canal treatment literature lacks consistent and comparable reporting, with only a few studies providing both pre-and-post-treatment seepage values for a specific treatment method to assess effectiveness. Nevertheless, field data point to achievable levels of seepage reduction ranging from about 50–95% across treatment methods. Given the current state of knowledge and availability of refined measurement devices and protocols, we recommend the inflow-outflow method as the standard field technique for canal seepage characterization. Recognizing cost and the need for flexibility to allow groundwater recharge as key deciding factors for canal treatments, while acknowledging the need for further investigation, we recommend further consideration be given to the use of polymer sealants as a broadly promising means of canal seepage control.
•Peer reviewed data on seepage from earthen and treated irrigation canals summarized, synthesized, and assessed.•Inflow-outflow, ponding, and point measurement methods discussed and compared.•Influencing factors and logistics of canal seepage field quantification discussed.•Seepage reduction by concrete, geomembrane, compacted earth, and polymers reported.•Perspective given on advancing canal seepage characterization and control.
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