Cooling Methods in Heat Stroke Gaudio, Flavio G., MD; Grissom, Colin K., MD
The Journal of emergency medicine,
04/2016, Letnik:
50, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Abstract Background Heat stroke is an illness with a high risk of mortality or morbidity, which can occur in the young and fit (exertional heat stroke) as well as the elderly and infirm ...(nonexertional heat stroke). In the United States, from 2006 to 2010, there were at least 3332 deaths attributed to heat stroke. Objective To summarize the available evidence on the principal cooling methods used in the treatment of heat stroke. Discussion Although it is generally agreed that rapid, effective cooling increases survival in heat stroke, there continues to be debate on the optimal cooling method. Large, controlled clinical trials on heat stroke are lacking. Cooling techniques applied to healthy volunteers in experimental models of heat stroke have not worked as rapidly in actual patients with heat stroke. The best available evidence has come from large case series using ice-water immersion or evaporation plus convection to cool heat-stroke patients. Conclusions Ice-water immersion has been shown to be highly effective in exertional heat stroke, with a zero fatality rate in large case series of younger, fit patients. In older patients with nonexertional heat stroke, studies have more often promoted evaporative plus convective cooling. Evaporative plus convective cooling may be augmented by crushed ice or ice packs applied diffusely to the body. Chilled intravenous fluids may also supplement primary cooling. Based on current evidence, ice packs applied strategically to the neck, axilla, and groin; cooling blankets; and intravascular or external cooling devices are not recommended as primary cooling methods in heat stroke.
Large-size Resistive Micromegas have been chosen for the upgrade of the forward muon spectrometer of the ATLAS experiment, the New Small Wheel project. These chambers, together with small-strip Thin ...Gap Chambers (sTGC), allow reconstruction of high-momentum muon tracks in a high-radiation environment and provide a robust low-threshold single-muon trigger. A collaboration of seven INFN units built 32 SM1 type chambers, corresponding to one fourth of the total number needed for this upgrade. Each SM1 chamber has a surface of approximately 2 m2 and four sensitive layers. The production was shared among five INFN construction sites and it was completed in fall 2020. The construction methods, as well as the results of the quality tests done on components of the detector and on the assembled chambers, are reported in the present paper.
Crystals for dual-readout calorimetry Gaudio, G.
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
05/2010, Letnik:
617, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Dual-Readout Calorimetry is a promising new technique for high resolution calorimetry. It is based on simultaneous measurements of the scintillation and Cherenkov light generated in the shower ...development process. Due to the fact that the Cherenkov light is only produced by the electromagnetic shower component, the relative contribution of this component to the signals can be measured on the event by event basis, resulting in reduction of fluctuations. This leads to an important improvement in the hadronic calorimeter performance. Further improvement on both the electromagnetic and hadronic resolution can be achieved by using homogeneous, dense crystals. This reduces both the sampling fluctuations and the quantum fluctuations. Promising results have been obtained by using
PbW
0
4
crystals doped with small amounts of praseodymium or molybdenum. Results from the 2008 testbeam and perspective for the coming one this year will be shown.
Tests of a dual-readout fiber calorimeter with SiPM light sensors Antonello, M.; Caccia, M.; Cascella, M. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
08/2018, Letnik:
899, Številka:
C
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In this paper, we describe the first tests of a dual-readout fiber calorimeter in which silicon photomultipliers are used to sense the (scintillation and Čerenkov) light signals. The main challenge ...in this detector is implementing a design that minimizes the optical crosstalk between the two types of fibers, which are located very close to each other and carry light signals that differ in intensity by about a factor of 60. The experimental data, which were obtained with beams of high-energy electrons and muons as well as in lab tests, illustrate to what extent this challenge was met. The Čerenkov light yield, a limiting factor for the energy resolution of this type of calorimeter, was measured to be about twice that of the previously tested configurations based on photomultiplier tubes. The lateral profiles of electromagnetic showers were measured on a scale of millimeters from the shower axis and significant differences were found between the profiles measured with the scintillating and the Čerenkov fibers.
A method to identify anticancer compounds in plants was proposed based on the hypothesis that these compounds are primarily present in plants to provide them with an ecological advantage over ...neighboring plants and other competitors. According to this view, identifying plants that contain compounds that inhibit or interfere with the development of other plant species may facilitate the discovery of novel anticancer agents. The method was developed and tested using
,
,
, and
, which are plant species known to possess compounds with cytotoxic activities. Plant extracts were screened for growth inhibitory activity, and then a thin-layer chromatography bioautography assay was conducted. This located the major antileukemic compounds
,
,
, and
in the extracts. Once the active compounds were located, they were extracted and purified, and their structures were determined. The growth inhibitory activity of the purified compounds showed a significant correlation with their antileukemic activity. The proposed approach is rapid, inexpensive, and can easily be implemented in areas of the world with high biodiversity but with less access to advanced facilities and biological assays.
A full-size prototype of a Micromegas precision tracking chamber for the upgrade of the ATLAS detector at the LHC Collider has been built between October 2015 and April 2016. This paper describes in ...detail the procedures followed in the construction of the components of the chamber in various INFN laboratories and the final assembly in the Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati (LNF). In addition, the results of the chamber exposure to a particle beam at SPS/H8 at CERN in June 2016 are presented. The performances obtained in the construction and the results of the test beam are compared with the requirements set in order to sustain the high radiation levels expected during the data-taking of the LHC in the next years.
Future circular electron–positron colliders operating at s=90, 160, 240 and 350 GeV as Z, W, H and t factories will demand experiments with superior momentum and energy resolution for all the ...possible final-state particles produced. The IDEA Detector aims at satisfying these requests by exploiting an ultra-light drift chamber as the largest central tracker and a dual-readout fiber calorimeter for both electromagnetic and hadronic energy measurements. In this paper I review the dual-readout calorimeter baseline choices, as well as the related R&D work.
Hadron detection with a dual-readout fiber calorimeter Lee, S.; Cardini, A.; Cascella, M. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
09/2017, Letnik:
866, Številka:
C
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In this paper, we describe measurements of the response functions of a fiber-based dual-readout calorimeter for pions, protons and multiparticle “jets” with energies in the range from 20 to 180 GeV. ...The calorimeter uses lead as absorber material and has a total mass of 1350 kg. It is complemented by leakage counters made of scintillating plastic, with a total mass of 500 kg. The effects of these leakage counters on the calorimeter performance are studied as well. In a separate section, we investigate and compare different methods to measure the energy resolution of a calorimeter. Using only the signals provided by the calorimeter, we demonstrate that our dual-readout calorimeter, calibrated with electrons, is able to reconstruct the energy of proton and pion beam particles to within a few percent at all energies. The fractional widths of the signal distributions for these particles (σ∕E) scale with the beam energy as 30%∕E, without any additional contributing terms.
IDEA (Innovative Detector for Electron–positron Accelerators) is a detector concept designed for a future leptonic collider operating as a Higgs factory. It is based on innovative detector ...technologies developed over years of R&D. In September 2018, prototypes of the proposed sub-detectors have been tested for the first time on a beam line at CERN. The preliminary results from this test of a full slice of the IDEA detector and standalone measurements of dual read-out calorimeter prototypes are presented.
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