1
H and
13
C NMR studies have shown that the long-lived 9,9-dimethyl-10-R-phenanthrenium cations (R = PhC&z.tbd;C, Me, OH) generated in FSO
3
H-SbF
5
/SO
2
ClF/SO
2
/CD
2
Cl
2
transform into ...long-lived 7-dihydroxysulfonio-9,9-dimethyl-10-R-phenanthrenium dications. The effect of the 10-R substituents on the reaction rate suggests that a key step in the reaction mechanism is addition of SO
2
to protonated phenanthrenium cations.
A key step in the reaction mechanism is addition of SO
2
to the superelectrophilic intermediates - protonated phenanthrenium cations.
super(1)H and super(13)C NMR studies have shown that the long-lived 9,9-dimethyl-10-R-phenanthrenium cations (R = PhC&z.tbd; C, Me, OH) generated in FSO sub(3)H-SbF sub(5)/SO sub(2)ClF/SO sub(2)/CD ...sub(2 )Cl sub(2) transform into long-lived 7-dihydroxysulfonio-9,9-dimethyl-10-R-phenanthrenium dications. The effect of the 10-R substituents on the reaction rate suggests that a key step in the reaction mechanism is addition of SO sub(2) to protonated phenanthrenium cations.
The growing need for rapid and accurate approaches for large-scale assessment of phenotypic characters in plants becomes more and more obvious in the studies looking into relationships between ...genotype and phenotype. This need is due to the advent of high throughput methods for analysis of genomes. Nowadays, any genetic experiment involves data on thousands and dozens of thousands of plants. Traditional ways of assessing most phenotypic characteristics (those with reliance on the eye, the touch, the ruler) are little effective on samples of such sizes. Modern approaches seek to take advantage of automated phenotyping, which warrants a much more rapid data acquisition, higher accuracy of the assessment of phenotypic features, measurement of new parameters of these features and exclusion of human subjectivity from the process. Additionally, automation allows measurement data to be rapidly loaded into computer databases, which reduces data processing time.In this work, we present the WheatPGE information system designed to solve the problem of integration of genotypic and phenotypic data and parameters of the environment, as well as to analyze the relationships between the genotype and phenotype in wheat. The system is used to consolidate miscellaneous data on a plant for storing and processing various morphological traits and genotypes of wheat plants as well as data on various environmental factors. The system is available at www.wheatdb.org. Its potential in genetic experiments has been demonstrated in high-throughput phenotyping of wheat leaf pubescence.
As found by dynamic NMR, the rates of degenerate rearrangements of long-lived 9,10-dimethyl-9-(1-methyl-1-vinyl)phenanthrenium and 9,10-dimethyl-9-(
trans-1-methyl-1-propenyl)phenanthrenium ions ...proceeding by 1,2-vinyl shifts are unexpectedly much lower than those of the 9,10-dimethyl-9-vinylphenanthrenium and 9,10-dimethyl-9-(
cis-1-methyl-1-propenyl)phenanthrenium ions.
1H and
13C NMR studies involving the
13C NMR deuterium perturbation method and
ab initio calculations showed the interaction between 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene and the nitrosonium cation to form a dynamic ...π-complex.
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