Agaricales, Russulales and Boletales are dominant orders among the wild mushrooms in Basidiomycota. Boletaceae, one of the major functional elements in terrestrial ecosystem and mostly represented by ...ectomycorrhizal symbionts of trees in Indian Himalaya and adjoining hills, are extraordinarily diverse and represented by numerous genera and species which are unexplored or poorly known. Therefore, their hidden diversity is yet to be revealed. Extensive macrofungal exploration by the authors to different parts of Himalaya and surroundings, followed by through morphological studies and multigene molecular phylogeny lead to the discovery of five new species of wild mushrooms: Leccinellum bothii sp. nov., Phylloporus himalayanus sp. nov., Phylloporus smithii sp. nov., Porphyrellus uttarakhandae sp. nov., and Retiboletus pseudoater sp. nov. Present communication deals with morphological details coupled with illustrations and phylogenetic inferences. Besides, Leccinellum sinoaurantiacum and Xerocomus rugosellus are also reported for the first time from this country.
Macrofungal forays in different parts of Himalaya made it possible to gather a couple of interesting species of agarics. Two of them belonging to Cortinarius subg. Telamonia are dealt with in this ...paper. Cortinarius dombangensis, a member of sect. Hinnulei is proposed here as a new species and C. longistipitatus, a member of sect. Uracei subsect. Bulliardii is reported for the first time from India. Both taxa are described and illustrated with morphological description, illustrations and phylogenetic estimation.
Voltage-gated sodium channels cluster in macromolecular complexes at nodes of Ranvier to promote rapid nerve impulse conduction in vertebrate nerves. Node assembly in peripheral nerves is thought to ...be initiated at heminodes at the extremities of myelinating Schwann cells, and fusion of heminodes results in the establishment of nodes. Here we show that assembly of ‘early clusters’ of nodal proteins in the murine axonal membrane precedes heminode formation. The neurofascin (Nfasc) proteins are essential for node assembly, and the formation of early clusters also requires neuronal Nfasc. Early clusters are mobile and their proteins are dynamically recruited by lateral diffusion. They can undergo fusion not only with each other but also with heminodes, thus contributing to the development of nodes in peripheral axons. The formation of early clusters constitutes the earliest stage in peripheral node assembly and expands the repertoire of strategies that have evolved to establish these essential structures.
The present paper describes two novel species in Lactarius subg. Lactarius collected from Sikkim, a Himalayan state in India. Lactarius brunneoaurantiacus sp. nov., is characterised by brownish to ...greyish orange basidiomata, watery white unchanging latex, subglobose to ellipsoid basidiospores with somewhat zebroid pattern of ornamentations and ixotrichopalisade nature of pileipellis whereas, L. indoscrobiculatus sp. nov., a lookalike of the European L. scrobiculatus, is characterised by large to very large pale yellow to ochraceous basidiomata, pileus with concolorous concentric zones, subdistant to distant decurrent lamellae, watery light yellow latex and sour taste. Detailed morphological descriptions, illustrations and nrITS‐based phylogenetic estimation of these species are presented.
Axonal loss is the key pathological substrate of neurological disability in demyelinating disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the consequences of demyelination on neuronal and ...axonal biology are poorly understood. The abundance of mitochondria in demyelinated axons in MS raises the possibility that increased mitochondrial content serves as a compensatory response to demyelination. Here, we show that upon demyelination mitochondria move from the neuronal cell body to the demyelinated axon, increasing axonal mitochondrial content, which we term the axonal response of mitochondria to demyelination (ARMD). However, following demyelination axons degenerate before the homeostatic ARMD reaches its peak. Enhancement of ARMD, by targeting mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial transport from the cell body to axon, protects acutely demyelinated axons from degeneration. To determine the relevance of ARMD to disease state, we examined MS autopsy tissue and found a positive correlation between mitochondrial content in demyelinated dorsal column axons and cytochrome
c
oxidase (complex IV) deficiency in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neuronal cell bodies. We experimentally demyelinated DRG neuron-specific complex IV deficient mice, as established disease models do not recapitulate complex IV deficiency in neurons
,
and found that these mice are able to demonstrate ARMD, despite the mitochondrial perturbation
.
Enhancement of mitochondrial dynamics in complex IV deficient neurons protects the axon upon demyelination. Consequently, increased mobilisation of mitochondria from the neuronal cell body to the axon is a novel neuroprotective strategy for the vulnerable, acutely demyelinated axon. We propose that promoting ARMD is likely to be a crucial preceding step for implementing potential regenerative strategies for demyelinating disorders.
Russula indoilicis is proposed herein as a new mushroom taxon from the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India based on morphological features and ITS‐based molecular phylogeny. This species ...belongs to Russula subg. Heterophyllidia subsect. Ilicinae. Russula indoilicis is characterized by light grey to greyish orange pileus, white lamellae turning light orange to golden yellow or golden brown to darker with age, basidiospores with isolated spines and small warts that never form any reticulum, ixotrichoderm nature of pileipellis (covered with thick gluten layer), hymenial cystidia mainly with appendiculate apex, and growing under Cedrus deodara dominated coniferous forests. A detailed description accompanied with colour photographs of the basidiomata, illustrations of the main anatomical features, nrITS‐based molecular phylogeny and comprehensive comparisons with similar species is provided.
Two species, namely Russula adwanitekae A.Ghosh, K.Das & Buyck sp. nov. and Russula purpureozonata K.Das, A.Ghosh & Buyck sp. nov. are proposed herein as new mushroom taxa from the Indian Himalaya ...based on their morphological features and ITS-based phylogenetic inferences. Both species belong to the crown clade of Russula subgenus Russula but with affinities to different subsections, viz. subsect. Laricinae Romagn. and subsect. Decolorantes Maire, respectively. Russula adwanitekae sp. nov. was collected in mixed temperate forests where it is most likely associated with conifers. It is distinct from several similarly looking, small, mild species with dark spore print and reddish lilac, orchid purple or greyish to deep magenta colored pileus in subsect. Laricinae by its sequence data (nrITS) or geographic distribution. Russula purpureozonata sp. nov. associates with Abies densa Griff., and possesses all typical features of Decolorantes, viz. the amyloid suprahilar spot on the spores, presence of pileogloeocystidia, the reddening then blackening context, equal lamellae and colored spore print. It reminds of North American R. californiensis Burl. and R. magna Beardslee under the microscope but has distinctly smaller spores and differs further in the unique coloration and concentrically zonated pileus margin. Macro- and micromorphological features are illustrated for both species. Their habitats, distributions and relationships with allied species are discussed.
The identity of blackening Russula (R. subg. Compactae) from Indian Himalaya has since long remained a mystery and they are often called after their European look‐alikes. Here, a combined approach ...including morphology and ITS phylogenetic inference resolved the identification of some of these taxa and revealed the discovery of two novel species. Thus, Russula ashihoi sp. nov., found under Abies in subalpine Himalaya, and R. indonigra sp. nov. occurring under Quercus in subtropical to temperate Himalaya are proposed herein with their morphological details, illustrations and ITS‐based phylogeny. Similarities with allied taxa are also discussed.
During the routine survey for exploring the hidden macrofungal wealth of tropical Sal (
Shorea robusta
Roth) forests in West Bengal and Jharkhand (India), we found a specimen similar to
Tylopilus ...plumbeoviolaceous
(Snell & E.A.Dick) Snell & E.A.Dick. After careful morphological observations and phylogenetic analysis, the species was found to be conspecific with
Tylopilus glutinosus
Iqbal Hosen, a recently established taxon from Bangladesh. We report
T. glutinosus
for the first time from India and provide a detailed description, figures, a multigene phylogenetic analysis, and comprehensive comparisons with similar species. A distributional map is also provided.
PDF
