Parvalbumin inhibitory interneurons (PVIs) are crucial for maintaining proper excitatory/inhibitory balance and high-frequency neuronal synchronization. Their activity supports critical developmental ...trajectories, sensory and cognitive processing, and social behavior. Despite heterogeneity in the etiology across schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder, PVI circuits are altered in these psychiatric disorders. Identifying mechanism(s) underlying PVI deficits is essential to establish treatments targeting in particular cognition. On the basis of published and new data, we propose oxidative stress as a common pathological mechanism leading to PVI impairment in schizophrenia and some forms of autism. A series of animal models carrying genetic and/or environmental risks relevant to diverse etiological aspects of these disorders show PVI deficits to be all accompanied by oxidative stress in the anterior cingulate cortex. Specifically, oxidative stress is negatively correlated with the integrity of PVIs and the extracellular perineuronal net enwrapping these interneurons. Oxidative stress may result from dysregulation of systems typically affected in schizophrenia, including glutamatergic, dopaminergic, immune and antioxidant signaling. As convergent end point, redox dysregulation has successfully been targeted to protect PVIs with antioxidants/redox regulators across several animal models. This opens up new perspectives for the use of antioxidant treatments to be applied to at-risk individuals, in close temporal proximity to environmental impacts known to induce oxidative stress.
We present cosmological results from a combined analysis of galaxy clustering and weak gravitational lensing, using 1321 deg2 of griz imaging data from the first year of the Dark Energy Survey (DES ...Y1). We combine three two-point functions: (i) the cosmic shear correlation function of 26 million source galaxies in four redshift bins, (ii) the galaxy angular autocorrelation function of 650,000 luminous red galaxies in five redshift bins, and (iii) the galaxy-shear cross-correlation of luminous red galaxy positions and source galaxy shears. To demonstrate the robustness of these results, we use independent pairs of galaxy shape, photometric-redshift estimation and validation, and likelihood analysis pipelines. To prevent confirmation bias, the bulk of the analysis was carried out while “blind” to the true results; we describe an extensive suite of systematics checks performed and passed during this blinded phase. The data are modeled in flat ΛCDM and wCDM cosmologies, marginalizing over 20 nuisance parameters, varying 6 (for ΛCDM) or 7 (for wCDM) cosmological parameters including the neutrino mass density and including the 457×457 element analytic covariance matrix. We find consistent cosmological results from these three two-point functions and from their combination obtain S8≡σ8(Ωm/0.3)0.5=0.773−0.020+0.026 and Ωm=0.267−0.017+0.030 for ΛCDM; for wCDM, we find S8=0.782−0.024+0.036, Ωm=0.284−0.030+0.033, and w=−0.82−0.20+0.21 at 68% C.L. The precision of these DES Y1 constraints rivals that from the Planck cosmic microwave background measurements, allowing a comparison of structure in the very early and late Universe on equal terms. Although the DES Y1 best-fit values for S8 and Ωm are lower than the central values from Planck for both ΛCDM and wCDM, the Bayes factor indicates that the DES Y1 and Planck data sets are consistent with each other in the context of ΛCDM. Combining DES Y1 with Planck, baryonic acoustic oscillation measurements from SDSS, 6dF, and BOSS and type Ia supernovae from the Joint Lightcurve Analysis data set, we derive very tight constraints on cosmological parameters: S8=0.802±0.012 and Ωm=0.298±0.007 in ΛCDM and w=−1.00−0.04+0.05 in wCDM. Upcoming Dark Energy Survey analyses will provide more stringent tests of the ΛCDM model and extensions such as a time-varying equation of state of dark energy or modified gravity.
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most prevalent cancer with a high mortality rate. The early and accurate detection of PCa can significantly reduce mortality and saves lives. Hence, the nanomaterials ...based electrochemical nano-biosensors for PCa biomarkers will be the excellent alternative for diagnosis, detection and management of disease condition. In this review, we present a concise summary of the latest attainment and advancement in the use of nanoparticles for the diagnosis of PCa biomarkers. This review highlighted the importance of applying specific biomarkers along with nanomaterials like gold, magnetic, carbon nanotubes, and many other materials for developing electrochemical nanobiosensors in PCa detection. In addition to a summary on PCa detection, we further ensure future perspectives in PCa biomarkers detection, sensitivity, simplicity, rapidity, accuracy, cost-effectiveness and succeeding optimizations of novel technologies for more feasibility. Finally, closing remarks and an outlook conclude the review.
•This review aims to give an overview of recent advances in prostate cancer (PCa) biomarkers detection by electrochemical biosensors.•We gave an importance of use of nanomaterials based electrochemical biosensors in early detection of PCa.•Fabrication of low-cost nanotechnology-based PCa biomarkers with good sensitivity, selectivity and stability have been discussed.
The complex MR imaging appearance of glioblastoma is a function of underlying histopathologic heterogeneity. A better understanding of these correlations, particularly the influence of infiltrating ...glioma cells and vasogenic edema on T2 and diffusivity signal in nonenhancing areas, has important implications in the management of these patients. With localized biopsies, the objective of this study was to generate a model capable of predicting cellularity at each voxel within an entire tumor volume as a function of signal intensity, thus providing a means of quantifying tumor infiltration into surrounding brain tissue.
Ninety-one localized biopsies were obtained from 36 patients with glioblastoma. Signal intensities corresponding to these samples were derived from T1-postcontrast subtraction, T2-FLAIR, and ADC sequences by using an automated coregistration algorithm. Cell density was calculated for each specimen by using an automated cell-counting algorithm. Signal intensity was plotted against cell density for each MR image.
T2-FLAIR (
= -0.61) and ADC (
= -0.63) sequences were inversely correlated with cell density. T1-postcontrast (
= 0.69) subtraction was directly correlated with cell density. Combining these relationships yielded a multiparametric model with improved correlation (
= 0.74), suggesting that each sequence offers different and complementary information.
Using localized biopsies, we have generated a model that illustrates a quantitative and significant relationship between MR signal and cell density. Projecting this relationship over the entire tumor volume allows mapping of the intratumoral heterogeneity in both the contrast-enhancing tumor core and nonenhancing margins of glioblastoma and may be used to guide extended surgical resection, localized biopsies, and radiation field mapping.
In this study, a novel sensor for highly selective and rapid detection of ciprofloxacin is fabricated. A facile strategy was employed to fabricate the electrode by electro-polymerization of phenol ...red (PPR) followed by drop-casting of reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Under optimized experimental conditions, the developed electrode shows, two linear ranges 0.002–0.05 μM and 0.05–400 μM, and the sensitivities equal to 516.41 μA μM−1 cm−2 and 0.239 μA μM−1 cm−2, respectively for ciprofloxacin detection. The rGO/PPR/GCE electrode enhanced sensitivity and low detection limit (LOD) (2 nM) of ciprofloxacin due to selective adsorption, which is accomplished by a combination of electrostatic attraction at SO3¯ sites in the PPR film, and the formation of charge assisted hydrogen bonding between ciprofloxacin and rGO surface functional groups. The novel nanocomposite was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used to study the response of ciprofloxacin towards the modified electrode. The composite modified electrode displayed good electro-catalytic activity towards the oxidation of ciprofloxacin at pH 5.5 and exhibited high sensitivity and specificity towards ciprofloxacin. The practical applicability was tested in the spiked animal serum sample. The recovery of analytes in spiked samples was 97 ± 6% over the range 0.002–400 μML−1. It shows that the developed electrode can be used as a potential tool for a rapid, simple, and sensitive detection of ciprofloxacin in the serum sample.
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•Development of a novel sensor (rGO/PPR/GCE electrode) for highly selective and rapid detection of ciprofloxacin.•A new combination of rGO and poly phenol red was used for electrochemical determination of ciprofloxacin.•Simple, fast response, low detection limit, short sample preparation time, high sensitivity and selectivity.•Determination of Cfx in animal serum samples.•Good potential for biological sample and clinical analysis of Cfx.
Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) is responsible for a number of life-threatening complications in humans. Mutations in the genetic sequence of
S. aureus
due to the presence of ...certain genes results in resistance against β-lactamases. Thus, there is an urgent need for developing highly sensitive techniques for the early detection of MRSA to counter the rise in resistant strains. This review (142 refs.) extensively covers literature reports on nanomaterial-based optical and electrochemical sensors from the year 1983 to date, with particularly emphasis on recent advances in electrochemical sensing (such as voltammetry and impedimetric) and optical sensing (such as colorimetry and fluorometry) techniques. Among the electrochemical methods, various nanomaterials were employed for the modification of electrodes. Whereas, in optical assays, formats such as enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, lateral flow assays or in optical fiber systems are common. In addition, novel sensing platforms are reported by applying advanced nanomaterials which include gold nanoparticles, nanotitania, graphene, graphene-oxide, cadmium telluride and related quantum dots, nanocomposites, upconversion nanoparticles and bacteriophages. Finally, closing remarks and an outlook conclude the review.
Graphical abstract
Schematic of the diversity of nanomaterial-based methods for detection of methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA). AuNPs: gold nanoparticles; QDs: quantum dots; PVL: Panton-Valentine leukocidin; mecA gene:
mec
-gene complex encoding methicillin resistance
Heavy metal ions (HMIs) have been mainly originated from natural and anthropogenic agents. It has become one of biggest societal issues due to their recognised accumulative and toxic effects in the ...environment as well as biological media. Key measures are required to reduce the risks posed by toxic metal pollutants existing in the environment. The increased research activities of HMIs detection, and use of technologies based on electrochemical detection that combine with engineered nanomaterials, is a key promising and innovative strategy that can potentially confine heavy metal poisoning. Deep understanding of the characteristics of the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials is highly required. It is also important to interpret the parameters at the nano-bio interface level that merely affect cross-interactions between nanomaterials and HMIs. Therefore, the authors outlined the state-of-the-art techniques that used engineeringly developed nanomaterials to detect HMIs in the environment. The possible novel applications of extensive and relatively low-cost HMIs monitoring and detection are discussed on the basis of these strengths. Finally, it is concluded by providing gist on acquaintance with facts in the present-day scenario along with highlighting areas to explore the strategies to overcome the current limitations for practical applications is useful in further generations of nano-world.
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•Overview of nanomaterials for electrochemical detection of heavy metal ions.•Design and deployment of new functional nanomaterials are summarised.•Potential knowledge gaps and research needs in the heavy metal detention system.•Prospects to design highly sensitive electrochemical sensors are proposed.
Stress factors provoke enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants. ROS that escape antioxidant-mediated scavenging/detoxification react with biomolecules such as cellular lipids ...and proteins and cause irreversible damage to the structure of these molecules, initiate their oxidation, and subsequently inactivate key cellular functions. The lipid- and protein-oxidation products are considered as the significant oxidative stress biomarkers in stressed plants. Also, there exists an abundance of information on the abiotic stress-mediated elevations in the generation of ROS, and the modulation of lipid and protein oxidation in abiotic stressed plants. However, the available literature reflects a wide information gap on the mechanisms underlying lipid- and protein-oxidation processes, major techniques for the determination of lipid- and protein-oxidation products, and on critical cross-talks among these aspects. Based on recent reports, this article (a) introduces ROS and highlights their relationship with abiotic stress-caused consequences in crop plants, (b) examines critically the various physiological/biochemical aspects of oxidative damage to lipids (membrane lipids) and proteins in stressed crop plants, (c) summarizes the principles of current technologies used to evaluate the extent of lipid and protein oxidation, (d) synthesizes major outcomes of studies on lipid and protein oxidation in plants under abiotic stress, and finally, (e) considers a brief cross-talk on the ROS-accrued lipid and protein oxidation, pointing to the aspects unexplored so far.
El cultivo de naranja se originó en el hemisferio oriental, principalmente en China, y luego se extendió por todo el mundo como fruta comercial. En 2022, la producción mundial de naranjas aumentó a ...un total de 49 millones de toneladas métricas. Los principales productores incluyen Brasil, China, la UE, México y Estados Unidos. Sin embargo, la industria de los cítricos enfrenta desafíos debido a la enfermedad de Huanglongbing (HLB). Los investigadores están explorando modificaciones genéticas para lograr tolerancia. Esta revisión explora el impacto de la enfermedad, las especies de cítricos de importancia, las variedades mejoradas y la evolución global del HLB.
Malaria is still a major disease in sub-Saharan Africa and South-East Asia. This is despite different interventions by the World Health Organization (WHO), such as insecticide-treated mosquito net, ...antimalarial drugs, indoor residual spraying, and rapid diagnostic tools. In 2018, the mortality rate due to malaria was estimated to be 405 000, with children under five years accounting for 67% of all malaria deaths. Malaria can be prevented and treated using different strategies as recommended by WHO. However, the lack of rapid diagnostic tools with good selectivity and sensitivity is still a challenge. Therefore there is a need to develop rapid, low-cost, and portable analytical methods for quantifying malaria. This review focuses on the role of malaria biomarkers (Plasmodium falciparum Lactate Dehydrogenase (PfLDH), Plasmodium aldolase, Plasmodium falciparum Histidine-Rich Protein 2 (PfHRP2), Plasmodium falciparum Glutamate dehydrogenase (PfGDH), and Hemozoin) in diagnosis. Recent developments in nanomaterial-based electrochemical and colorimetric biosensors for malaria diagnosis are discussed. Finally, the review concludes with closing remarks and future perspectives of electrochemical biosensors.
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•Overview of malaria cases, malaria life cycle and biomarkers are discussed.•Electrochemical and colorimetric biosensors for malaria detection are explained in details.•Analytical methods for electrochemical detection of various antimalarial drugs are discussed.
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