The European X-ray free electron laser is a new research facility currently under construction in Hamburg, Germany. Typical for XFEL machines is the high peak brilliance several orders of magnitudes ...above existing synchrotron facilities. With a pulse length below 100
fs and an extremely high luminosity of 30,000 flashes per second the European XFEL will have a worldwide unique time structure that enables researchers to record movies of ultrafast processes. This demands the development of new detectors tailored to the requirements imposed by the experiments while complying with the machine specific operation parameters. The adaptive gain integrating pixel detector (AGIPD) is one response to the need for large 2D detectors, able to cope with the 5
MHz repetition rate, as well as with the high dynamic range needed by XFEL experiments (from single photons to 10
4 12
keV photons per pixel per pulse). In addition, doses up to 1
GGy over three years are expected.
Calibration methods for charge integrating detectors Mezza, D.; Becker, J.; Carraresi, L. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
02/2022, Letnik:
1024
Journal Article
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Since the introduction of the extremely intense X-ray free electron lasers, the need for low noise, high dynamic range and potentially fast charge integrating detectors has increased significantly. ...Among all the problems that research and development groups have to face in the development of such detectors, their calibration represents one of the most challenging and the collaboration between the detector development and user groups is of fundamental importance. The main challenge is to develop a calibration suite that is capable to test the detector over a wide dynamic range, with a high granularity and a very high linearity, together with a certain radiation tolerance and the possibility to well define the timings and the synchronization with the detector. Practical considerations have also to be made like the possibility to calibrate the detector in a reasonable time, the availability of the calibration source at the experimental place and so on. Such a calibration test suite is often not represented by a single source but by several sources that can cover different parts of the dynamic range and that need to be cross calibrated to have a final calibration curve. In this respect an essential part of the calibration is also to develop a mathematical model that allows calibrating the entire dynamic range, taking into account features that are calibration source and/or detector specific. The aim of this contribution is to compare the calibration for the AGIPD detector using several calibration sources such as internal current source, backside pulsing, IR pulsed laser, LED light and mono-energetic protons. The mathematical procedure used to calibrate the different sources will be discussed in great detail showing how to take into account a few shortcomings (like pixel coupling) that are common for many charge integrating detectors. This work has been carried out in the frame of the AGIPD project for the European X-ray Free Electron Laser.
Evaporative CO
2
cooling is becoming a popular cooling solution for large-scale, high-energy particle detectors, such as the new ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk) for the high-luminosity upgrade of the LHC. ...CO
2
offers a high latent heat transfer at reasonable flow parameters and is an environment friendly alternative to many other coolants currently used. This cooling technique is used to investigate the thermal performance of prototypes from the ITk strip detector produced at DESY. The strip end-cap local support structure, called petal core, is designed to allow a good heat transfer between silicon strip modules glued on its surface and the embedded titanium cooling pipe. Studies on the thermal properties using infrared thermography have been performed to analyse the heat dissipation path which allows also to detect eventual imperfections in the assembly as part of the quality control strategy. A similar analysis was executed on a petal loaded with electrical modules to study the heat generation due to active components and its dissipation for each module under different CO
2
conditions.
Evaporative CO2 cooling is becoming a popular cooling solution for large-scale, high-energy particle detectors, such as the new ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk) for the high-luminosity upgrade of the LHC. ...CO2 offers a high latent heat transfer at reasonable flow parameters and is an environment friendly alternative to many other coolants currently used. This cooling technique is used to investigate the thermal performance of prototypes from the ITk strip detector produced at DESY. The strip end-cap local support structure, called petal core, is designed to allow a good heat transfer between silicon strip modules glued on its surface and the embedded titanium cooling pipe. Studies on the thermal properties using infrared thermography have been performed to analyse the heat dissipation path which allows also to detect eventual imperfections in the assembly as part of the quality control strategy. A similar analysis was executed on a petal loaded with electrical modules to study the heat generation due to active components and its dissipation for each module under different CO2 conditions.
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