The interaction of the northern Nazca and southwestern Caribbean oceanic plates with northwestern South America (NWSA) and the collision of the Panama‐Choco arc (PCA) have significant implications on ...the evolution of the northern Andes. Based on a quantitative kinematic reconstruction of the Caribbean and Farallon/Farallon‐derived plates, we reconstructed the subducting geometries beneath NWSA and the PCA accretion to the continent. The persistent northeastward migration of the Caribbean plate relative to NWSA in Cenozoic time caused the continuous northward advance of the Farallon‐Caribbean plate boundary, which in turn resulted in its progressive concave trench bending against NWSA. The increasing complexity during the Paleogene included the onset of Caribbean shallow subduction, the PCA approaching the continent, and the forced shallow Farallon subduction that ended in the fragmentation of the Farallon Plate into the Nazca and Cocos plates and the Coiba and Malpelo microplates by the late Oligocene. The convergence tectonics after late Oligocene comprised the accretional process of the PCA to NWSA, which evolved from subduction erosion of the forearc to collisional tectonics by the middle Miocene, as well as changes of convergence angle and slab dip of the Farallon‐derived plates, and the attachment of the Coiba and Malpelo microplates to the Nazca plate around 9 Ma, resulting in a change of convergence directions. During the Pliocene, the Nazca slab broke at 5.5°N, shaping the modern configuration. Overall, the proposed reconstruction is supported by geophysical data and is well correlated with the magmatic and deformation history of the northern Andes.
Plain Language Summary
The tectonic reconstruction in convergent triple junctions is a particularly challenging task as the relative motion between plates could define highly changing boundaries. Indeed, the resulting interaction between these convergent plates may induce important changes in the disposition of the trenches, and in turn in the three‐dimensional geometry of the subducting plates. Therefore, these highly dynamic conditions throughout geological time may be accommodated by different phases of plate fragmentation and reorganization. These factors could explain the complex spatial‐temporal distribution of subduction‐related magmatism and the different episodes of deformation in the upper plates. This reasoning is validated in the northwestern corner of South America (SA), where the continent has been converging against the Caribbean and Farallon‐derived oceanic plates since Cretaceous time. Additionally, we study the effects of the collision and accretion of the Panama‐Choco arc with SA. To accomplish that, we review the kinematic history of the Farallon/Nazca and Caribbean oceanic plates relative to stable Guiana Craton (SA) and integrate these results with the magmatic and deformation evolution of the northern Andes, which allow us to propose a model of the geometrical evolution of the subducting slabs. The obtained model is additionally constrained by seismological data and published velocity anomalies.
Key Points
The tectonics of convergent triple junctions is complicated by the relative plate motion and interaction of the involved plates
We propose a model for the kinematic and geometric evolution of the Farallon/Nazca and Caribbean plates throughout the Cenozoic
The interaction between the Caribbean, Nazca and South American plates is closely related to the deformation history in the Northern Andes
Through genome-wide association scans and meta-analyses thereof, over 70 genetic loci (Crohn's disease (CD) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)) are significantly associated with CD. We aimed to ...investigate the influence of CD-SNPs and basic patient characteristics on CD clinical course, and develop statistical models to predict CD clinical course.
This retrospective study included 1528 patients with CD with more than 10 years of follow-up from eight European referral hospitals. CD outcomes of interest were ileal (L1), colonic (L2) and ileocolonic disease location (L3); stenosing (B2) or penetrating behaviour (B3); perianal disease; extraintestinal manifestations; and bowel resection. A complicated disease course was defined as stenosing or penetrating behaviour, perianal disease and/or bowel resection. Association between CD-SNPs or patient characteristics and specified outcomes was studied.
Several CD-SNPs and clinical characteristics were statistically associated with outcomes of interest. The NOD2 gene was the most important genetic factor, being an independent predictive factor for ileal location (p=2.02 × 10(-06), OR=1.90), stenosing (p=3.16 × 10(-06), OR=1.82) and penetrating (p=1.26 × 10(-02), OR=1.25) CD behaviours, and need for surgery (p=2.28 × e-05, OR=1.73), and as such was also the strongest factor associated with a complicated disease course (p=6.86 × 10(-06), OR=2.96). Immunomodulator (azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate) use within 3 years after diagnosis led to a reduction in bowel stenoses (p=1.48 × 10(-06), OR=0.35) and surgical rate (p=1.71 × 10(-07), OR=0.34). Association between each outcome and genetic scores, created using significant SNPs in the univariate analysis, revealed large differences in the probability of developing fistulising disease (IL23R, LOC441108, PRDM1, NOD2; p=9.64e-4, HR=1.43), need for surgery (IRGM, TNFSF15, C13ORF31, NOD2; p=7.12 × 10(-03), HR=1.35), and stenosing disease (NOD2, JAK2, ATG16L1; p=3.01 × 10(-02), HR=1.29) among patients with low and high score.
This large multicentre cohort study has found several genetic and clinical factors influencing the clinical course of CD. NOD2 and early immunomodulator use are the clinically most meaningful predictors for its clinical course.
Water electrolysis to obtain hydrogen in combination with intermittent renewable energy resources is an emerging sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. Among the available electrolyzer ...technologies, anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) has been paid much attention because of its advantageous behavior compared to other more traditional approaches such as solid oxide electrolyzer cells, and alkaline or proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers. Recently, very promising results have been obtained in the AEMWE technology. This review paper is focused on recent advances in membrane electrode assembly components, paying particular attention to the preparation methods for catalyst coated on gas diffusion layers, which has not been previously reported in the literature for this type of electrolyzers. The most successful methodologies utilized for the preparation of catalysts, including co-precipitation, electrodeposition, sol-gel, hydrothermal, chemical vapor deposition, atomic layer deposition, ion beam sputtering, and magnetron sputtering deposition techniques, have been detailed. Besides a description of these procedures, in this review, we also present a critical appraisal of the efficiency of the water electrolysis carried out with cells fitted with electrodes prepared with these procedures. Based on this analysis, a critical comparison of cell performance is carried out, and future prospects and expected developments of the AEMWE are discussed.
Introduction
It is well known that eating disorders are related to comorbidity. At least, half of these patients have other mental disorders and, in addition to it, the presence of physical ...comorbidity (cardiovascular, kidney, nervous system, digestive tract, metabolic or endocrine disorders) comes with a decline in life expectancy.
Objectives
Description of a patient with a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa (AN) who developed a gastric bezoar during hospitalization.
Methods
Case treated in a specific Eating Disorder Unit in a Third-Level Hospital.
Results
26 years old woman with a diagnosis of AN hospitalized in General Psychiatric Unit with BMI of 11,78 kg/m2. Nasogastric tube was necessary and, after 1 month with a progressive weight recovery (BMI 13,84 kg/m2), the patient was transferred to the Eating Disorder Unit in order to follow specific psychological therapy. No incidence related to physical exploration or clinical analyses happened during this month apart from pancytopenia due to malnutrition.
However, 8 days after, patient developed nausea and had 3 vomit episodes, constant abdominal pain at hipogastrium (moderate intensity), dizziness, instability and constipation. The patient refused possibility of pregnancy. The physical exam showed bowel sounds augmented but no mass or peritoneal irritation appeared. Blood test results were normal. Abdominal X-Ray showed gastric dilatation with small bowel faeces sign, which suggested diagnosis of gastric bezoar.
The treatment was the dissolution of the bezoar by Coca-Cola, solving the symptoms completely.
The patient refused having eaten hair or any other kind of object or indigestible material but admitted to be following a strict vegan diet. Finally, after an endoscopy was done, the patient was diagnosed of phytobezoar.
Conclusions
Based on literature, bezoars are rare in AN, being phytobezoars the most common between the types of bezoars. Nevertheless, there are some risk factors, such as delayed gastric emptying, dehydration or, in the case of phytobezoar, ingestion of food containing high amount of cellulose, hemi-cellulose, lignin, and tannins (celery, pumpkin, grape skins, prunes, raisins and, in particular, persimmons). Some of the symptoms caused by phytobezoar can be similar to those of the AN (abdominal pain, intestinal obstruction, poor appetite, vomiting, malnutrition, weight loss). Therefore, gastric bezoar could be an underdiagnosed or even undiagnosed disease in this group of patients. Taking this into account could reduce time until diagnosis and treatment, decreasing the risks associated.
Disclosure of Interest
None Declared
Background: Nuclear short-range correlations (SRCs) are corrections to mean-field wave functions connected with the short-distance behavior of the nucleon-nucleon interaction. These SRCs provide ...corrections to lepton-nucleus cross sections as computed in the impulse approximation (IA). Purpose: We want to investigate the influence of SRCs on the one-nucleon (1N) and two-nucleon (2N) knockout channels for muon-neutrino induced processes on a 12 C target at energies relevant for contemporary measurements. Method: The model adopted in this work corrects the impulse approximation for SRCs by shifting the complexity induced by the SRCs from the wave functions to the operators. Due to the local character of the SRCs, it is argued that the expansion of these operators can be truncated at a low order. Results: The model is compared with electron-scattering data, and two-particle two-hole responses are presented for neutrino scattering. The contributions from the vector and axial-vector parts of the nuclear current as well as the central, tensor, and spin-isospin parts of the SRCs are studied. Conclusions: Nuclear SRCs affect the 1N knockout channel and give rise to 2N knockout. The exclusive neutrino-induced 2N knockout cross section of SRC pairs is shown and the 2N knockout contribution to the QE signal is calculated. The strength occurs as a broad background which extends into the dip region.
Neuroimaging may guide acute stroke treatment by measuring the volume of brain tissue in the irreversibly injured "ischemic core." The most widely accepted core volume measurement technique is ...diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI). However, some claim that measuring regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) with CT perfusion imaging (CTP), and labeling tissue below some threshold as the core, provides equivalent estimates. We tested whether any threshold allows reliable substitution of CBF for DWI.
58 patients with suspected stroke underwent DWI and CTP within six hours of symptom onset. A neuroradiologist outlined DWI lesions. In CBF maps, core pixels were defined by thresholds ranging from 0%-100% of normal, in 1% increments. Replicating prior studies, we used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to select thresholds that optimized sensitivity and specificity in predicting DWI-positive pixels, first using only pixels on the side of the brain where infarction was clinically suspected ("unilateral" method), then including both sides ("bilateral"). We quantified each method and threshold's accuracy in estimating DWI volumes, using sums of squared errors (SSE). For the 23 patients with follow-up studies, we assessed whether CBF-derived volumes inaccurately exceeded follow-up infarct volumes.
The areas under the ROC curves were 0.89 (unilateral) and 0.90 (bilateral). Various metrics selected optimum CBF thresholds ranging from 29%-32%, with sensitivities of 0.79-0.81, and specificities of 0.83-0.85. However, for the unilateral and bilateral methods respectively, volume estimates derived from all CBF thresholds above 28% and 22% were less accurate than disregarding imaging and presuming every patient's core volume to be zero. The unilateral method with a 30% threshold, which recent clinical trials have employed, produced a mean core overestimation of 65 mL (range: -82-191), and exceeded follow-up volumes for 83% of patients, by up to 191 mL.
CTP-derived CBF maps cannot substitute for DWI in measuring the ischemic core.
Mammalian testis undergoes deep changes in their architecture and function during photoregression conditions in seasonal breeders. Particularly, the testicular mechanisms that regulate the transition ...between the active (functional) and inactive (regression) stage vary between species. The aim of the present study was to analyze the incidence of proliferation, apoptosis and autophagy in the testicular seminiferous ephitelium of a seasonal breeder, Lagostomus maximus, during the annual reproductive cycle. We observed that proliferating spermatogonia increased from the active testis until reaching the maximum peak in the activating testis. During the annual reproductive cycle, the quantity of apoptotic-TUNEL positive spermatogonia and meiotic germ cells was constant and this might be regulated by the members of the BCL2 family. Only in the activating testis, apoptosis of germ cells was almost undetectable. The analysis of the autophagic-related proteins BECN1 and LC3 showed their localization in Leydig cells and the germ cells in the active and activating testis. In the inactive testis, BECN1 and LC3 ceased to be immunolocalized within the seminiferous tubules and the mRNA expression of both regulators decreased. Moreover, the expression of BECN1 and LC3 and also the apoptotic index were up regulated in testicular cultures subjected to nutritional stress. These results suggest a possible interaction between apoptosis and autophagy in the active and activating testis (characterized by high metabolic requirement and nutrient), where autophagy could promote survival over cell death. In the inactive testis, the absence of autophagic-related proteins might explain the massive loss of germ cells, suggesting that autophagy plays new and key role in the alterations of the seminiferous epithelium during photoregression.
The taxonomic status of Agelanius antenninus (Philip, 1969) was evaluated on the basis of a morphological study of the holotype, described from Huánuco, Peru. Results of analyses of A. antenninus and ...its morphological comparison with A. meridianus Rondani, the type-species of Agelanius Rondani, proved that A. antenninus does not belong to the genus Agelanius. The subgenus Styphocera Philip is reinstated as a valid subgenus of Stypommisa Enderlein. Thus, the generic combination Stypommisa (Styphocera) antennina Philip should be reinstated for this species.
ABSTRACT
In this work, we present numerical simulations of Stream Interaction Regions (SIRs) and Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs) using the sunrunner3d tool that employs as a coronal model the ...boundary conditions obtained by corhel/mas with the pluto code that describes the global 3D structure of the solar wind using the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) approach in the inner heliosphere. Specifically, we selected a set of SIRs and CIRs observed by the Parker Solar Probe (PSP) and STEREO-A (STA) missions during the Carrington rotations (CRs) 2207 to 2210 and CRs from 2020 to 2022. In order to describe the dynamics of the plasma that constitutes the solar wind background conditions for the selected CRs, we solve the ideal MHD equations in an inertial frame of reference, managing the solar rotation by rotating the boundary values in ϕ (longitude) at a rate corresponding to the sidereal rotation rate of the solar equator. We show that our results using sunrunner3d can globally reproduce the plasma parameters, such as radial velocity, number proton density, and radial magnetic field strength of these large-scale structures, observed by PSP and STA at distances near the Sun and around 1 au, respectively. These results allow exploring the global evolution of SIRs/CIRs in the inner heliosphere using sunrunner3d.
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