To review research on the influence of parent-related factors on children's dairy products consumption.
A search of electronic databases and a narrative synthesis of the literature were conducted. ...English-language articles were included if they reported data relating to parental influences on children's consumption of dairy products and if statistical significance was reported.
Studies were carried out in the USA (
8) and in a range of countries across Europe (
12) and Asia (
5).
The subjects of this research were children aged between 2 and 12 years of age, from a range of geographical locations.
Twenty-five studies met the inclusion criteria. The studies examined children's dairy products consumption in relation to parental socio-economic status (education level and income) (
12), home availability (
2), home food environment (
3), parental dairy products consumption (
4), parent feeding practices (
3), parents' beliefs and attitudes (
3) and parental nutrition knowledge (
3). Results on the association between socio-economic status and children's dairy products consumption varied; however, studies reporting a significant association generally observed a positive relationship. Fifteen studies reported children's total dairy products intake as an outcome measure, with the remaining studies reporting intake of milk or other dairy products as individual foods.
This review identified literature exploring a range of parental factors in relation to children's dairy products intake. However, there were limited numbers of studies published within each category of modifiable factors. Further research on the parent-related determinants of dairy products consumption in children is required in order to identify potential intervention targets in this age group.
Reading Sappho considers Sappho's poetry as a powerful,
influential voice in the Western cultural tradition. Essays are
divided into four sections: "Language and Literary Context," "Homer
and Oral ...Tradition", "Ritual and Social Context", and "Women's
Erotics". Contributors focus on literary history, mythic
traditions, cultural studies, performance studies, recent work in
feminist theory, and more. A legendary literary figure, Sappho has
attracted readers, critics, and biographers ever since she composed
poems on the island of Lesbos at the close of the seventh century
B.C. Bringing together some of the best recent criticism on the
subject, this volume, together with Re-Reading Sappho ,
represents the first anthology of Sappho scholarship, drawing
attention to Sappho's importance as a poet and reflecting the
diversity of critical approaches in classical and literary
scholarship during the last several decades.
Background Milk and dairy products are an important source of calcium, necessary for bone health across the lifespan. However, children’s milk consumption has decreased over the past decade in ...Ireland and in other developed countries. The EU School Milk Scheme (SMS) supports the provision of subsidised or free milk to schoolchildren. However, participation in the SMS in Ireland is declining. Objectives To explore the factors influencing the uptake and implementation of the SMS in disadvantaged primary schools. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with teachers (n=5) and with parents of children (aged 8 to 11 years) attending disadvantaged primary schools (n=6). Participants were recruited from disadvantaged primary schools as part of a larger evaluation of the EU School Fruit, Vegetables and Milk Scheme in Ireland. Interviews included questions surrounding participants’ views on milk provision in primary schools and their experience with the SMS. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and thematically analysed. Results Overall, participants felt positively towards milk provision in schools. Socioeconomic disadvantage was cited as a reason for schools’ participation in the SMS and contributed to parents’ reasoning as to why they felt that the SMS was beneficial. Past experience with receiving school milk influenced participants’ attitudes towards the current scheme, both in cases where participants had positive and negative experiences. A barrier to participation in the SMS at a school-level were the practical issues associated with storing and serving milk at a suitable temperature. The COVID-19 crisis also hindered participation in and implementation of the scheme. Conclusions Participants viewed the SMS as valuable in making milk available to children who may not receive it outside of the school environment. However, practical issues with storage and distribution negatively impact its uptake and implementation. Further supports are necessary in primary schools to mitigate the issues experienced when implementing the SMS.
Abstract Background Sleep loss leads to temporary changes in mood and cognition, and is associated with reduced cerebral metabolism within the prefrontal cortex, similar to findings observed in some ...psychiatric disorders. However, the extent to which sleep deprivation may be associated with the emergence of clinical symptoms of psychopathology in healthy normal individuals is not clear. Methods The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) was administered to 25 healthy adults at rested baseline and again after 56 h of continuous wakefulness. Results Comparisons showed a significant global increase in PAI psychopathology scores from baseline to sleep-deprived sessions, particularly for somatic complaints, anxiety, depression, and paranoia. Mean elevations for the clinical scales remained within normal limits, however. In contrast, sleep loss was not associated with significant changes in anxiety-related disorders, manic symptoms, borderline, schizophrenic, or antisocial features. Conclusions Two nights without sleep may lead to a sub-clinical increase in self-reported affective symptoms of psychopathology while having little effect on symptoms of thought disorder, psychotic processes, or behavioral dysregulation. These data suggest that sleep loss may be differentially disruptive to regions of the brain involved in affective regulation and may, therefore, serve as a model for understanding the brain dysfunction associated with affective psychopathology.
Stimulant medications appear effective at restoring simple alertness and psychomotor vigilance in sleep deprived individuals, but it is not clear whether these medications are effective at restoring ...higher order complex cognitive capacities such as planning, sequencing, and decision making.
After 44 hours awake, participants received a double-blind dose of one of 3 stimulant medications or placebo. After 45-50 hours awake, participants were tested on computerized versions of the 5-Ring Tower of Hanoi (TOH), the Tower of London (TOL), and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST).
In-residence sleep-laboratory facility at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research.
Fifty-four healthy adults (29 men, 25 women), ranging in age from 18 to 36 years.
Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 stimulant medication groups, including caffeine, 600 mg (n=12), modafinil, 400 mg (n=12), dextroamphetamine, 20 mg (n=16), or placebo (n=14).
At the doses tested, modafinil and dextroamphetamine groups completed the TOL task in significantly fewer moves than the placebo group, and the modafinil group demonstrated greater deliberation before making moves. In contrast, subjects receiving caffeine completed the TOH in fewer moves than all 3 of the other groups, although speed of completion was not influenced by the stimulants. Finally, the modafinil group outperformed all other groups on indices of perseverative responding and perseverative errors from the WCST.
Although comparisons across tasks cannot be made due to the different times of administration, within-task comparisons suggest that, at the doses tested here, each stimulant may produce differential advantages depending on the cognitive demands of the task.
Abstract Background and purpose Insufficient sleep can adversely affect a variety of cognitive abilities, ranging from simple alertness to higher-order executive functions. Although the effects of ...sleep loss on mood and cognition are well documented, there have been no controlled studies examining its effects on perceived emotional intelligence (EQ) and constructive thinking, abilities that require the integration of affect and cognition and are central to adaptive functioning. Patients and methods Twenty-six healthy volunteers completed the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQi) and the Constructive Thinking Inventory (CTI) at rested baseline and again after 55.5 and 58 h of continuous wakefulness, respectively. Results Relative to baseline, sleep deprivation was associated with lower scores on Total EQ (decreased global emotional intelligence), Intrapersonal functioning (reduced self-regard, assertiveness, sense of independence, and self-actualization), Interpersonal functioning (reduced empathy toward others and quality of interpersonal relationships), Stress Management skills (reduced impulse control and difficulty with delay of gratification), and Behavioral Coping (reduced positive thinking and action orientation). Esoteric Thinking (greater reliance on formal superstitions and magical thinking processes) was increased. Conclusions These findings are consistent with the neurobehavioral model suggesting that sleep loss produces temporary changes in cerebral metabolism, cognition, emotion, and behavior consistent with mild prefrontal lobe dysfunction.
Background Childhood nutrition influences growth and the development of lifelong eating behaviours. Fruit and vegetable (F&V) intakes significantly below the recommended five portions of F&V per day ...have been observed among children (age 5-12) in Ireland. Parents play a pivotal role in influencing their children’s dietary behaviour. This study aimed to assess whether parental attitudes towards F&V influence their children’s F&V daily consumption levels. Methods As part of an evaluation of the EU School Fruit, Vegetables, and Milk Scheme, parents of 1st, 3rd and 5th class children were invited to complete an online questionnaire. Questions assessed parents’ and children’s intake of various foods, including F&V. Parental attitudes towards the importance of F&V in children’s diets were also examined. Descriptive statistics and Pearson Chi-square tests were performed. Results A total of 422 parents participated in this study. 19% of parents reported that their children consumed at least four servings of F&V per day. No statistically significant difference was observed in parental attitudes across children’s vegetable consumption levels. A significant difference (p = 0.004) in the importance of fruit in children’s diets across consumption levels was observed. 91% of parents whose children consumed F&V less than daily agreed with the statement that ‘It is important to me that my child eats fruit’, compared to 100% of parents whose children consumed at least four servings of F&V per day. Conclusion In this study, most primary school children did not eat the recommended daily servings of F&V. Although one difference was observed in the importance of fruit in children’s diets across consumption levels, parental attitudes towards vegetables did not influence children’s intake. Therefore, future analysis should consider other parental factors that may influence child F&V intake levels, including food availability and parental consumption.
Dietary interventions can improve pregnancy outcomes among women with increased BMI. Although the interest in mobile health interventions is growing, little is known about the acceptability of ...smartphone apps to support lifestyle interventions in such a cohort.
We aimed to assess the acceptability of the pregnancy, exercise, and nutrition research study with smartphone app support (PEARS) and the use of mobile health in a mixed lifestyle intervention delivered to overweight and obese pregnant women.
PEARS was a randomized controlled trial of a low glycemic index dietary intervention with exercise prescription and a smartphone app, which was delivered to pregnant women who were overweight or obese. Acceptability questionnaires were completed by the intervention group at 28 weeks of gestation (n=149) and at postintervention (n=123). Maternal characteristics were recorded (ie, age, ethnicity, BMI, socioeconomic status). Associations between maternal characteristics and acceptability of the intervention and app were analyzed using two-tailed t tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, chi-square test, and logistic regression. One-on-one semistructured interviews were conducted with a subcohort of the intervention participants (n=28) at 34 weeks of gestation, in which the participants shared their experiences of the PEARS intervention.
The intervention was generally accepted, with respondents agreeing that the diet was easy to follow (98/148, 68.5%), enjoyable (106/148, 74.1%), and affordable (110/148, 76.9%). Qualitative and quantitative results were consistent with each another, both demonstrating that app acceptability was high. The participants agreed that the app was enjoyable (96/120, 80.0%) and easy to use (116/119, 97.5%). Compared to those with tertiary education, those with lower education levels were more likely to enjoy the dietary changes (P=.04). Enjoyment of the app was associated with disadvantaged neighborhood deprivation index (P=.01) and higher BMI (P=.03).
The PEARS intervention and use of a supportive smartphone app were accepted by pregnant women, particularly by those from vulnerable subgroups of this population.
International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) 29316280; https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN29316280.
Sleep deprivation produces negative effects on mood and cognitive function, but existing data have almost exclusively utilized objective rating scales, which do not permit evaluation of idiosyncratic ...and unstructured responses. In this study, we used a semi-projective measure, the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration (P-F) Study, to assess subjective responses to frustration following two nights without sleep. Twenty-six healthy volunteers completed the P-F at rested baseline and again following 55
h of continuous wakefulness. Participants provided written responses for an ambiguous cartoon character confronted with various frustrating situations. Relative to rested baseline, sleep deprivation was associated with altered responses on several indices, indicating a great number of uncommon types of responses, increased tendency to blame others for problems, and a reduced willingness to alleviate a conflict situation by accepting blame. Individual differences in several aspects of emotional intelligence were predictive of the extent to which responses to frustration changed with sleep loss. These findings suggest that sleep deprivation significantly weakens the inhibition of aggression and willingness to behave in ways that facilitate effective social interaction, possibly through reduced metabolic activity in prefrontal regions of the brain important for personality, affect, and inhibitory behavior.
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