Karl Marx's writings about Spain have been published and studied on several occasions. Among the sources listed by Pedro Ribas, William Walton and his work The Revolutions of Spain, from 1808 to the ...End of 1836 figures among those mentioned most. Rather surprising, given that Walton sympathised with both Spanish Carlism and Portuguese Miguelism. Though he was born and died in England, Walton lived in the Spanish and Portuguese empires, in America and in the French colony of Santo Domingo at various stages in the course of his career. A Catholic in an Anglican country, he translated Puigblanch's The Inquisition Unmasked. Neither did his political ideas remain unchanged throughout his life. This paper looks at the influence thatWalton had on Marx's ideas about Spain, particularly as regards the Carlist political movement. Marx read Walton in the British Library and took detailed notes from his book. He used these notes in his articles regarding the events that occurred in the country. We will also reflect on the place that Walton begins to occupy in Peninsular historiography, through the bibliographical information on his changing political viewpoints and his proximity to contemporary events.
For this article we started with the study of the biography and the work of William Walton, which led us to discover a possible connection with the thinking of Karl Marx. Our investigations have led us to consider that Walton's writings on Spain helped to form the opinions expressed by Marx in his press articles.
Climate change impact assessments are plagued with uncertainties from many sources, such as climate projections or the inadequacies in structure and parameters of the impact model. Previous studies ...tried to account for the uncertainty from one or two of these. Here, we developed a triple‐ensemble probabilistic assessment using seven crop models, multiple sets of model parameters and eight contrasting climate projections together to comprehensively account for uncertainties from these three important sources. We demonstrated the approach in assessing climate change impact on barley growth and yield at Jokioinen, Finland in the Boreal climatic zone and Lleida, Spain in the Mediterranean climatic zone, for the 2050s. We further quantified and compared the contribution of crop model structure, crop model parameters and climate projections to the total variance of ensemble output using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Based on the triple‐ensemble probabilistic assessment, the median of simulated yield change was −4% and +16%, and the probability of decreasing yield was 63% and 31% in the 2050s, at Jokioinen and Lleida, respectively, relative to 1981–2010. The contribution of crop model structure to the total variance of ensemble output was larger than that from downscaled climate projections and model parameters. The relative contribution of crop model parameters and downscaled climate projections to the total variance of ensemble output varied greatly among the seven crop models and between the two sites. The contribution of downscaled climate projections was on average larger than that of crop model parameters. This information on the uncertainty from different sources can be quite useful for model users to decide where to put the most effort when preparing or choosing models or parameters for impact analyses. We concluded that the triple‐ensemble probabilistic approach that accounts for the uncertainties from multiple important sources provide more comprehensive information for quantifying uncertainties in climate change impact assessments as compared to the conventional approaches that are deterministic or only account for the uncertainties from one or two of the uncertainty sources.
Climate change impact assessments are plagued with uncertainties from many sources. Previous studies tried to account for the uncertainty from one or two of these. We developed a triple‐ensemble probabilistic assessment using seven crop models, multiple sets of model parameters and eight contrasting climate projections together to comprehensively account for uncertainties from these three important sources. The contribution of crop model structure was larger than that from climate projections and model parameters. The relative contribution of crop model parameters and climate projections varied greatly, and the contribution of climate projections was on average larger than that of crop model parameters.
•Eight barley models and eight climate projections for the 2050s were applied at two sites.•Sensitivity analyses were conducted on the responses of major crop processes to major climatic variables.•A ...new comprehensive analysis was conducted to look at the reasons why crop models diverge substantially.•Impacts of increases in temperature and CO2 on leaf area development were the major causes.•The study has important implications for models improvement and experimental design.
Robust projections of climate impact on crop growth and productivity by crop models are key to designing effective adaptations to cope with future climate risk. However, current crop models diverge strongly in their climate impact projections. Previous studies tried to compare or improve crop models regarding the impact of one single climate variable. However, this approach is insufficient, considering that crop growth and yield are affected by the interactive impacts of multiple climate change factors and multiple interrelated biophysical processes. Here, a new comprehensive analysis was conducted to look holistically at the reasons why crop models diverge substantially in climate impact projections and to investigate which biophysical processes and knowledge gaps are key factors affecting this uncertainty and should be given the highest priorities for improvement. First, eight barley models and eight climate projections for the 2050s were applied to investigate the uncertainty from crop model structure in climate impact projections for barley growth and yield at two sites: Jokioinen, Finland (Boreal) and Lleida, Spain (Mediterranean). Sensitivity analyses were then conducted on the responses of major crop processes to major climatic variables including temperature, precipitation, irradiation, and CO2, as well as their interactions, for each of the eight crop models. The results showed that the temperature and CO2 relationships in the models were the major sources of the large discrepancies among the models in climate impact projections. In particular, the impacts of increases in temperature and CO2 on leaf area development were identified as the major causes for the large uncertainty in simulating changes in evapotranspiration, above-ground biomass, and grain yield. Our findings highlight that advancements in understanding the basic processes and thresholds by which climate warming and CO2 increases will affect leaf area development, crop evapotranspiration, photosynthesis, and grain formation in contrasting environments are needed for modeling their impacts.
Droughts are among the most common type of disasters, generating enormous socioeconomic impacts in the world, especially when considering the silent character they have. These phenomena are becoming ...more frequent, intense and longer lasting, which gives us an idea of what may happen with the accentuation of climate change. This article seeks to provide and overview of the measures and policies addressing drought prevention and preparedness, facing the impacts of climate change, in the State of Ceará, Brazil. This study addresses issues of public policies concerning drought risk management in order to allow a greater understanding of policies and programs, experiences and perspectives by the analysis of the process of elaboration of the Integrated Disaster Risk Management Plan of the State of Ceara, Brazil (PIGRD-CE), as well as of the development of the Early Warning System - Drought Monitor -, while addressing the political coordination, which led to the creation of the Drought Commission (Comité das Secas). As a result, we understand this strategy, concerning drought preparedness, as a tool able to increase the adaptability and resilience of the political process. In this regard, we present the experiences accumulated by the State of Ceara in drought management processes showing a promising potential for replicability in other Latin American countries also subjected to threats that the changing climate may impose, in combination with the analysis of related risks - political/institutional/cultural -, in the development of public policies to draw together the main conclusions, lessons learned and recommendations.
La ilusión de la Libertad Arias Cuba, Ybeth; Arnabat Mata, Ramon; Campos García, Melchor ...
2021
Book
Odprti dostop
El volumen que el lector posee en sus manos (o en su pantalla) constituye una selección de los estudios presentados en el congreso internacional “1820. La Ilusión de la Libertad. El liberalismo ...revolucionario en España y América en los años veinte”, realizado en Las Cabezas de San Juan y Sevilla en marzo de 2020, como forma de reflexionar (y celebrar, por supuesto) el bicentenario del Trienio Liberal español, atendiendo no sólo a sus implicancias en la Península Ibérica, sino especialmente a su impacto en América. La efeméride funcionó, entonces, como una excusa para analizar problemas relevantes del pasado y el presente. En este caso, los vínculos entre una sociedad estancada, y que ya nada más tenía para ofrecer, y una de las revoluciones más importantes que se desenvolvió a lo largo y ancho de Iberoamérica. Esto se hizo por medio de la presentación de un conjunto de investigaciones que atendieron a los aspectos económicos, políticos, sociales y culturales de la revolución de 1820. Se trató de un esfuerzo colectivo, que esperamos haber plasmado en esta compilación.
William Walton (1784-1857) fue uno de los principales propagandistas de los anhelos de independencia de los hispanoamericanos entre 1810 y 1823. A este respecto, sus obras más conocidas son Present ...State of the Spanish Colonies (1810) -su única obra traducida al español- y An Exposé on the Dissentions of Spanish America (1814), pero trabajó muchísimo más. Durante esos años escribió para el Morning Chronicle, Edinburgh Review, British Review y Colonial Journal y tradujo numerosos textos como D...
Las sequías se encuentran entre los tipos más común de desastres, generando enormes impactos socioeconómicos, especialmente cuando se considera el carácter silencioso que tienen. Son cada vez más ...frecuentes, intensos y de mayor duración, lo cúal nos da una idea de lo que puede suceder con la acentuación del cambio climático. Este artículo tiene por objetivo proporcionar una visión general de las medidas y políticas que abordan la prevención y la preparación para sequías, frente a los impactos del cambio climático, en el Estado de Ceará, Brasil. Este estudo busca permitir la comprensión de las políticas y programas, experiencias y perspectivas en el proceso de elaboración del Plan de Gestión Integral de Riesgo de Desastres del Estado de Ceará, Brasil (PIGRD-CE); así como en el desarrollo del Sistema de Alerta Temprana (SAT), frente a la coordinación política, lo que dio lugar a la creación de la Comisión de las Sequías. Como resultado, entendemos esta estrategia de preparación para sequías, como una herramienta capaz de aumentar la capacidad de adaptación y resistencia de los procesos políticos en Brasil. En este sentido, se presentan las experiencias acumuladas por el Estado de Ceará en los procesos de gestión de sequías que muestran un potencial prometedor para la replicabilidad en otros países de América Latina, también objeto de amenazas que el cambio climático puede imponer, en combinación con el análisis de los riesgos asociados - políticos/institucionales/culturales -, en el desarrollo de políticas públicas para, así, presentarmos conclusiones, lecciones aprendidas y recomendaciones.
The rotation maize and dry bean provides the main food supply of smallholder farmers in Honduras. Crop model assessment of climate change impacts (2070-2099 compared to a 1961-1990 baseline) on a ...maize-dry bean rotation for several sites across a range of climatic zones and elevations in Honduras. Low productivity systems, together with an uncertain future climate, pose a high level of risk for food security. The cropping systems simulation dynamic model CropSyst was calibrated and validated upon field trail site at Zamorano, then run with baseline and future climate scenarios based upon general circulation models (GCM) and the ClimGen synthetic daily weather generator. Results indicate large uncertainty in crop production from various GCM simulations and future emissions scenarios, but generally reduced yields at low elevations by 0 % to 22 % in suitable areas for crop production and increased yield at the cooler, on the hillsides, where farming needs to reduce soil erosion with conservation techniques. Further studies are needed to investigate strategies to reduce impacts and to explore adaptation tactics. //ABSTRACT IN SPANISH: La rotación maíz-frijol es la fuente de alimentos de los pequeños productores de Honduras. Se ha determinado el impacto del cambio climático (comparado 2070-2099 con 1961-1990) mediante un modelo de simulación de la rotación en localidades de Honduras de distintas zonas climáticas y altitudes. La baja productividad, unida a las incertidumbres sobre el clima futuro, genera un elevado riesgo sobre la seguridad alimentaria. El modelo de simulación de sistemas de cultivo CropSyst se ha calibrado y validado con datos de campo del Zamorano, después se ha aplicado al clima base y a los escenarios futuros de varias simulaciones de GCMs y escenarios de emisión, aplicando el generador de datos diarios ClimGen. Los resultados indican una gran incertidumbre, pero, en general, una reducción del rendimiento del 0 % al 22 % en las zonas bajas, más adecuadas para el cultivo y un aumento en las zonas más frías, en zonas montañosas donde la agricultura debe evitar la erosión mediante la aplicación de técnicas de conservación del suelo. Futuros estudios son necesarios para investigar cómo reducir el impacto y buscar estrategias de adaptación en las prácticas agrícolas.
Studies of hydrogen sulfide (H
2
S) and ammonia (NH
3
) adsorption on phosphorus (P) and silicon (Si) doped graphene are performed by ab initio calculations using the periodic density functional ...theory (DFT). The P and Si incorporation in graphene distorts the unit cell altering the bond lengths and angles. Unlike the pristine, the phosphorus-doped graphene shows a metallic behavior, and the silicon-doped graphene is a semiconductor with an energy gap of 0.25 eV. Moreover, the electronic properties of phosphorus-doped graphene may change with the adsorption of hydrogen sulfide and ammonia. However, the silicon-doped graphene only shows changes with the adsorption of hydrogen sulfide. In addition, the silicon-doped graphene exhibits chemisorption when interacting with ammonia. According to the obtained results, phosphorus-doped graphene is suitable as a gas sensor of hydrogen sulfide and ammonia, in contrast with the silicon-doped structure, which may be used as a sensor of hydrogen sulfide.
Graphical Abstract
Ammonia adsorption on Si-doped graphene
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