InP HBT Technologies for sub-THz Communications Urteaga, M.; Griffith, Z.; Arias-Purdue, A. ...
2022 IEEE Symposium on VLSI Technology and Circuits (VLSI Technology and Circuits),
2022-June-12
Conference Proceeding
High-efficiency power amplifiers (PAs) will be critical building-blocks for future sub-THz communications systems. InP heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) with THz-class transistor bandwidth ...demonstrate PAs with high RF power density and high efficiency at frequencies between 100-300GHz. We review the performance of a state-of-the-art InP HBT IC technology and reported IC results that are applicable to future sub-THz communications systems.
Several vanadium dioxide based single-pole single-throw (SPST) series switch geometries have been fabricated and demonstrate unequalled broadband low loss and isolation from DC to 280 GHz. A switch ...geometry having insertion loss of only 1.3 dB at 220 GHz and isolation of 15.7 dB also shows excellent S-parameter uniformity across the wafer. This uniformity indicates the maturity of the VO2 switch fabrication process. Furthermore, we have developed a model and comprehensive set of modeling parameters that will guide our future device development efforts. This model predicts that a millimeter-wave SPST switch having insertion loss <; 1 dB and isolation > 12 at 220 GHz can be fabricated utilizing our existing device process. Such a switch will be vital for enabling applications such as electronically scanned phased arrays at millimeter-wave and terahertz frequencies.
We report common-base medium power amplifiers designed for G-band (140-220 GHz) and W-band (75-110 GHz) in InP mesa double HBT technology. The common-base topology is preferred over common-emitter ...and common-collector topologies due to its superior high-frequency maximum stable gain (MSG). Base feed inductance and collector emitter overlap capacitance, however, reduce the common-base MSG. A single-sided collector contact reduces C ce and, hence, improves the MSG. A single-stage common-base tuned amplifier exhibited 7-dB small-signal gain at 176 GHz. This amplifier demonstrated 8.7-dBm output power with 5-dB associated power gain at 172 GHz. A two-stage common-base amplifier exhibited 8.1-dBm output power with 6.3-dB associated power gain at 176 GHz and demonstrated 9.1-dBm saturated output power. Another two-stage common-base amplifier exhibited 11.6-dBm output power with an associated power gain of 4.5 dB at 148 GHz. In the W-band, different designs of single-stage common-base power amplifiers demonstrated saturated output power of 15.1 dBm at 84 GHz and 13.7 dBm at 93 GHz
A new ultra-low-loss and broad band millimeter wave switch technology based on the reversible metal / insulator phase transition of vanadium dioxide has been developed. We report having fabricated ...series configured, single-pole single-throw (SPST) switches having measured S-parameters from DC to 110 GHz. The on-state insertion loss is 0.2 dB and off-state isolation is 21 dB at 50 GHz. The resulting impedance contrast ratio, Z OFF /Z ON , is greater than 500:1 at 50GHz (i.e. cut-off frequency f c ~ 40 THz). As a demonstration of the technology's utility, we also present the results of a 2-bit real time delay phase shifter incorporating a pair of VO 2 SP4T switches. This switch technology's high impedance contrast ratio combined with its compactness, ease of integration, and low voltage operation make it an enabler of previously unachievable high-performance millimeter wave FPGAs.
We report on the development of a 0.25 μm InP HBT technology suitable for integrated circuit demonstrations at the lower end of the THz frequency band (0.3-3THz). Transistors demonstrate an ...extrapolated f max of >800 GHz while maintaining a common-emitter breakdown voltage (BV CEO ) >4 V. The transistors have been integrated in a full IC process that includes three-levels of interconnects, backside wafer thinning to 50 μm with a through-wafer via process, and a backside etch singulation process that allows for the formation of free-standing integrated waveguide probes. The technology has been utilized to demonstrate amplifiers, fixed-frequency and voltage controlled oscillators and dynamic frequency dividers all operating at >300 GHz.
Transistor and circuit design for 100-200-GHz ICs Griffith, Z.; Yingda Dong; Scott, D. ...
IEEE journal of solid-state circuits,
10/2005, Letnik:
40, Številka:
10
Journal Article, Conference Proceeding
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Compared to SiGe, InP HBTs offer superior electron transport properties but inferior scaling and parasitic reduction. Figures of merit for mixed-signal ICs are developed and HBT scaling laws ...introduced. Device and circuit results are summarized, including a simultaneous 450 GHz f/sub /spl tau// and 490 GHz f/sub max/ DHBT, 172-GHz amplifiers with 8.3-dBm output power and 4.5-dB associated power gain, and 150-GHz static frequency dividers (a digital circuit figure-of-merit for a device technology). To compete with advanced 100-nm SiGe processes, InP HBTs must be similarly scaled and high process yields are imperative. Described are several process modules in development: these include an emitter-base dielectric sidewall spacer for increased yield, a collector pedestal implant for reduced extrinsic C/sub cb/, and emitter junction regrowth for reduced base and emitter resistances.
ABSTRACT The IceCube Collaboration has previously discovered a high-energy astrophysical neutrino flux using neutrino events with interaction vertices contained within the instrumented volume of the ...IceCube detector. We present a complementary measurement using charged current muon neutrino events where the interaction vertex can be outside this volume. As a consequence of the large muon range the effective area is significantly larger but the field of view is restricted to the Northern Hemisphere. IceCube data from 2009 through 2015 have been analyzed using a likelihood approach based on the reconstructed muon energy and zenith angle. At the highest neutrino energies between and a significant astrophysical contribution is observed, excluding a purely atmospheric origin of these events at significance. The data are well described by an isotropic, unbroken power-law flux with a normalization at neutrino energy of and a hard spectral index of . The observed spectrum is harder in comparison to previous IceCube analyses with lower energy thresholds which may indicate a break in the astrophysical neutrino spectrum of unknown origin. The highest-energy event observed has a reconstructed muon energy of which implies a probability of less than for this event to be of atmospheric origin. Analyzing the arrival directions of all events with reconstructed muon energies above no correlation with known γ-ray sources was found. Using the high statistics of atmospheric neutrinos we report the current best constraints on a prompt atmospheric muon neutrino flux originating from charmed meson decays which is below 1.06 in units of the flux normalization of the model in Enberg et al.
We report on measurements of the all-particle cosmic ray energy spectrum and composition in the PeV to EeV energy range using 3 years of data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. The IceTop ...detector measures cosmic ray induced air showers on the surface of the ice, from which the energy spectrum of cosmic rays is determined by making additional assumptions about the mass composition. A separate measurement is performed when IceTop data are analyzed in coincidence with the high-energy muon energy loss information from the deep in-ice IceCube detector. In this measurement, both the spectrum and the mass composition of the primary cosmic rays are simultaneously reconstructed using a neural network trained on observables from both detectors. The performance and relative advantages of these two distinct analyses are discussed, including the systematic uncertainties and the dependence on the hadronic interaction models, and both all-particle spectra as well as individual spectra for elemental groups are presented.
The results of a 3 + 1 sterile neutrino search using eight years of data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory are presented. A total of 305 735 muon neutrino events are analyzed in reconstructed ...energy-zenith space to test for signatures of a matter-enhanced oscillation that would occur given a sterile neutrino state with a mass-squared differences between 0.01 and 100 eV2. The best-fit point is found to be at sin2(2θ24) = 0.10 and Δm412 = 4.5 eV2, which is consistent with the no sterile neutrino hypothesis with a p value of 8.0%.
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