This study examines the frequency and nature of alcohol and tobacco advertising in a random sample of 166 televised sports events representing 443.7 hours of network programming broadcast from fall ...1990 through summer 1992. More commercials appear for alcohol products than for any other beverage. Beer commercials predominate and include images at odds with recommendations from former Surgeon General Koop. The audience is also exposed to alcohol and tobacco advertising through the appearances of stadium signs, other on-site promotions, and verbal or visual brief product sponsorships. Moderation messages and public service announcements are rare.
What do breast surgeons do? Schwartz, Jean-Claude D., M.D., Ph.D; Rishi, Muhammad, M.D; Christy, Carla J., M.D ...
The American journal of surgery,
10/2009, Letnik:
198, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Abstract Background There are an increasing number of fellowship-trained breast surgeons and surgical oncologists who dedicate their clinical practice exclusively to breast disease. However, there ...are little published data regarding characteristics of a breast surgical practice. Methods All patient visits at a university-based breast surgery practice were reviewed for calendar years 2006 and 2007. Results There were 10,381 patient visits, of which 2,334 (22%) represented new patients. Of these, 11% were referred with a diagnosis of cancer. Out of the remainder, 29% had a needle biopsy (8% by the surgeon and 21% by radiology), 29% underwent surgery, and 13% were ultimately diagnosed with cancer. After completion of initial therapy, 6 months or 1 year follow-up was recommended for 59% of the patients. Conclusions The specialty of breast surgery is unique in its nonoperative volume and extensive duration of follow-up. Strategies need to be designed to make this process more time-efficient for the surgeon.
In this work we tried to achieve multicolor up-conversion luminescence in low phonon energy material NaLaF4 doped with different Er3+ Tm3+ and Yb3+ concentrations. Up-conversion luminescence was ...measured and main luminescence bands from Er3+ and Tm3+ in red, green and blue spectral regions were observed. The relative intensities of the luminescence bands could be changed by changing the doping levels of rare-earth ions. Changes in the up-conversion luminescence color could be achieved by applying different infrared pump power density. The color coordinates of the multicolor up-conversion luminescence depending on doping level as well as on the pump power density were presented in CIE (x, y) chromaticity diagram (1931).
We present results from deep observations toward the Cygnus region using 300 hr of very high energy (VHE) γ-ray data taken with the VERITAS Cerenkov telescope array and over 7 yr of high-energy γ-ray ...data taken with the Fermi satellite at an energy above 1 GeV. As the brightest region of diffuse γ-ray emission in the northern sky, the Cygnus region provides a promising area to probe the origins of cosmic rays. We report the identification of a potential Fermi-LAT counterpart to VER J2031+415 (TeV J2032+4130) and resolve the extended VHE source VER J2019+368 into two source candidates (VER J2018+367* and VER J2020+368*) and characterize their energy spectra. The Fermi-LAT morphology of 3FGL J2021.0+4031e (the Gamma Cygni supernova remnant) was examined, and a region of enhanced emission coincident with VER J2019+407 was identified and jointly fit with the VERITAS data. By modeling 3FGL J2015.6+3709 as two sources, one located at the location of the pulsar wind nebula CTB 87 and one at the quasar QSO J2015+371, a continuous spectrum from 1 GeV to 10 TeV was extracted for VER J2016+371 (CTB 87). An additional 71 locations coincident with Fermi-LAT sources and other potential objects of interest were tested for VHE γ-ray emission, with no emission detected and upper limits on the differential flux placed at an average of 2.3% of the Crab Nebula flux. We interpret these observations in a multiwavelength context and present the most detailed γ-ray view of the region to date.
ABSTRACT
This article summarizes the contents of Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity (2nd edn). The first part of the book describes why alcohol is not an ordinary commodity, and reviews epidemiological ...data that establish alcohol as a major contributor to the global burden of disease, disability and death in high‐, middle‐ and low‐income countries. This section also documents how international beer and spirits production has been consolidated recently by a small number of global corporations that are expanding their operations in Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America. In the second part of the book, the scientific evidence for strategies and interventions that can prevent or minimize alcohol‐related harm is reviewed critically in seven key areas: pricing and taxation, regulating the physical availability of alcohol, modifying the drinking context, drink‐driving countermeasures, restrictions on marketing, education and persuasion strategies, and treatment and early intervention services. Finally, the book addresses the policy‐making process at the local, national and international levels and provides ratings of the effectiveness of strategies and interventions from a public health perspective. Overall, the strongest, most cost‐effective strategies include taxation that increases prices, restrictions on the physical availability of alcohol, drink‐driving countermeasures, brief interventions with at risk drinkers and treatment of drinkers with alcohol dependence.
Photoluminescence in Er-doped NBT is studied at different temperatures. Remarkable reduction of the luminescence intensity in the green spectral range is found in the poled state comparing with the ...depoled state. Luminescence spectra at low temperatures reveal continuous wavelength shift of some maxima belonging to the 4S3/2 → 4I15/2 transition depending on the excitation wavelength, which is explained by large variety of different environments around Er3+ related to the random distribution of Na+ and Bi3+ in A-sublattice of the ABO3 perovskite structure. Poling extends the wavelength range where shift of luminescence maxima is observed in the direction of longer excitation wavelengths. This feature can be explained by more ordered structure characteristic to the poled state comparing with the depoled one. Luminescence spectra of Er-doped BaTiO3 are also measured at low temperatures, and confirm the role of Na+ and Bi3+ ion disorder in the observed spectral features of Er-doped NBT.
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•The effect of poling on the luminescence was analysed in Er3+ doped Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3.•The changes in the luminescence intensity were attributed to the lattice distortion.•The higher disorder of the depoled state resulted in enhancement of the luminescence.
HESS J0632+057 is a variable, point-like source of very high energy (>100 GeV) gamma rays located in the Galactic plane. It is positionally coincident with a Be star, it is a variable radio and X-ray ...source, has a hard X-ray spectrum, and has low radio flux. These properties suggest that the object may be a member of the rare class of TeV/X-ray binary systems. The definitive confirmation of this would be the detection of a periodic orbital modulation of the flux at any wavelength. We have obtained Swift X-Ray Telescope observations of the source from MJD 54857 to 55647 (2009 January-2011 March) to test the hypothesis that HESS J0632+057 is an X-ray/TeV binary. We show that these data exhibit flux modulation with a period of 321 ? 5 days and we evaluate the significance of this period by calculating the null hypothesis probability, allowing for stochastic flaring. This periodicity establishes the binary nature of HESS J0632+057.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein (LBP) is a normal plasma protein and an acute phase reactant important for host responses to Gram-negative bacteria and LPS. LBP forms high affinity complexes ...with LPS which bind to CD14, a monocyte surface protein, to initiate the release of inflammatory mediators. We found that human primary hepatocytes synthesize LBP and that the synthesis is up-regulated by interleukin (IL)-6. To examine this phenomenon in more detail, we evaluated the capacity of IL-6, IL-1, and tumor necrosis factor to induce LBP synthesis in HepG2 cells in the presence or absence of dexamethasone. IL-6 induced LBP synthesis. Dexamethasone, IL-1, and tumor necrosis factor had a synergistic effect when combined with IL-6, but demonstrated minimal effect independently. LBP biosynthesis was evaluated by immunoprecipitation of 35S-labeled LBP from HepG2 supernatants, measurement of steady-state LBP mRNA levels, and analysis of LBP-dependent LPS binding to CD14 positive cells. An 35S-labeled, 60-kDa protein was immunoprecipitated with anti-LBP antibody from IL-6-stimulated HepG2 cell supernatants. Northern blot analysis of cellular RNA revealed an increase in LBP mRNA in IL-6-stimulated cells. CD14 expressing cells bound fluoresceinated LPS in the presence of supernatants from HepG2 cells treated with IL-6. These data provide the first information about specific cytokine and dexamethasone regulation of LBP expression in HepG2 cells. LBP behaves like a Type 1 acute phase protein.
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