Aims and Objectives/Purpose/Research Questions:
This study had two specific research goals. First, it investigated the relative importance of meaning and form in bilingual morphological processing of ...English prefixed and suffixed words. Second, it probed how target language proficiency and morphological type moderated bilingual morphological processing.
Design/Methodology/Approach:
This study implemented the masked morphological priming paradigm that administered three prime types (Transparent, Opaque, and Form) from two morphological types (prefix and suffix) to three Chinese-English bilingual groups (advanced, intermediate, and lower-intermediate). The critical stimuli included the Transparent (e.g., visualize-VISUAL; disagreement-DISAGREE), the Opaque (e.g., vanity-VAN; submission-MISSION), and the Form (e.g., example-EXAM; apparent-PARENT) English words.
Data and Analysis:
A total of 120 Chinese-English bilinguals representing three levels of distinct English competence participated in a masked priming lexical decision experiment. Direct comparisons were made using the linear mixed-effects models on bilingual groups’ priming effects from the Transparent, the Opaque, and the Form conditions of both English prefixed and suffixed words.
Findings/Conclusion:
The results exhibited that compared to suffixed words Chinese-English bilinguals altogether were less sensitive to the internal structure of prefixed words. The results presented that target language proficiency and morphological type moderated bilingual morphological processing, with the advanced Chinese-English bilinguals approximating previous native English speakers in processing English suffixed words.
Originality:
This study compared the priming effects from the Transparent, the Opaque, and the Form conditions of both English prefixed and suffixed words among three Chinese-English bilingual groups with distinct English competence. This study therefore should be the first empirical study that simultaneously evaluates the effects of target language proficiency and morphological type on bilingual morphological processing of prefixed and suffixed words.
Significance/Implications:
The present results indicate that target language proficiency and morphological type interact to impact bilingual morphological processing. Besides, this study provides important methodological and statistical implications for future studies.
Exponential and power law temperature dependences are widely used to fit experimental data of magnetic relaxation time in single molecular magnets. We derived a theory to show how these rules arise ...from the underling relaxation mechanisms and to clarify the conditions for their occurrence. The theory solves the puzzle of lower-than-expected Orbach barriers found in recent experiments, and elucidates it as a result of the Raman process in disguise. Our results highlight the importance of reducing the rate of direct tunneling between the ground state doublet so as to achieve longtime coherence in magnetic molecules. To this end, large spin and small transverse magnetic anisotropy can reduce magnitude of the transition operator, and rigid ligands may weaken the spin-phonon coupling in that they raise the energy of vibrational modes and better screen the acoustic phonons.
Deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) in the brain is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. There are two major isoforms of Aβ: the 42‐residue Aβ42 and the 40‐residue Aβ40. The only difference ...between Aβ42 and Aβ40 is that Aβ42 has two extra residues at the C‐terminus. The amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's brains consist of mostly Aβ42 and some plaques contain only Aβ42, even though Aβ40 concentration is several‐fold more than Aβ42. Using electron paramagnetic resonance, we studied the formation of amyloid fibrils using a mixture of Aβ42 and Aβ40 in vitro. We show that Aβ42 and Aβ40 form mixed fibrils in an interlaced manner, although Aβ40 is not as efficient as Aβ42 in terms of being incorporated into Aβ42 fibrils. Our results suggest that both Aβ42 and Aβ40 would be present in amyloid plaques if in vivo aggregation of Aβ were similar to the in vitro process. Therefore, there must be some mechanisms that lead to the preferential deposition of Aβ42 at the extracellular space. Identifying such mechanisms may open new avenues for therapeutic interventions to treat Alzheimer's disease.
Amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's brains consist of mostly Aβ42, and some plaques contain only Aβ42, even though Aβ40 is several‐fold more concentrated than Aβ42. Here, we show that a mixture of Aβ42 and Aβ40 forms interlaced fibrils in vitro, seemingly contradicting in vivo observations. We propose some potential mechanisms that may contribute to the preferential deposition of Aβ42 in Alzheimer's.
InGaAs/GaAs single quantum wells (QWs) were grown on oriented GaAs substrates by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Photoluminescence (PL) measurement at room temperature was applied to ...characterize the optical properties of QWs. The effects of offcut substrates, growth temperature, growth rate and V/III ratio on optical properties were investigated. For 1060-nm InGaAs/GaAs quantum wells, the results show that when the growth temperature is 600°C, the V/III ratio is 43, and the growth rate is 1.15
µ
m/h, the quality of the quantum well is better. With the decrease of growth temperature, the PL intensity increased significantly. When the temperature is 600°C, the PL intensity is 121% and 52% higher than the other two samples, respectively. FWHM was reduced by 35% and 46% compared with the other two samples, respectively. When the growth rate increased, the PL intensity enhanced 75%, while the FWHM decreased 5%. It can be found that the FWHM decreased greatly and a blueshift occurred with the increase of the growth rate proving that the crystal quality is greatly improved. Increased V/III ratio can improve the growth quality and optical characteristics of InGaAs/GaAs QWs. The wavelength of samples showed a redshift with increased V/III ratio.
The Raman exponent of single molecular magnetic relaxation may take various unexpected values because of rich phonon spectra and spin-phonon coupling of molecular crystals. We systematically examine ...the origins of different abnormalities and clarify misunderstandings of the past, particularly the appropriateness of the fitting procedures for the exponents. We find that exponential laws raised by optical phonons can yield spurious power laws with low exponents. This observation indicates long-standing misunderstandings of the origins of low Raman exponents in a large bulk of single molecule magnets. Resulting from spin-lattice coupling with optical modes, the presence of these exponents suggests the importance of the local dynamical environment for the magnetic relaxation in this regime.
Changes in lipid metabolism pathways play a major role in colon carcinogenesis and development. Hence, we conducted a systematic analysis of lipid metabolism-related genes to explore new markers that ...predict the prognosis of colon adenocarcinoma (COAD).
The non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) algorithm was applied to identify the molecular subtypes based on lipid metabolism-related genes. A weighted correlation network analysis (WCGNA) was used to identify co-expressed genes, and Lasso multivariate Cox analysis was performed to build a risk prognosis model. A timer database was used to analyze the immune infiltration of the gene signature and the GSCALite database was used for genome-wide analysis of the gene signature.
TCGA-COAD samples were divided into 3 subtypes based on lipid metabolism-related genes. 2739 genes were identified by WGCNA analysis. Finally, an 8-gene signature (RTN2, FYN, HEYL, FAM69A, FBXL5, HMGN2, LGALS4, STOX1) was constructed that demonstrated good robustness in different datasets, as well as an independent risk factor for colon cancer patients’ prognosis. In addition, our model’s predictive efficacy overall was higher than that of the other published models, and the 8 genes’ expression analysis indicated that RTN2, HEYL, and STOX1 were all expressed highly significantly in COAD, while FAM69A, FBXL5, LGALS4, FYN and HMGN2 were expressed significantly poorly in cancer tissues, which was confirmed in immunohistochemistry. The 8 genes were expressed significantly differently in COAD immune subtypes and correlated with clinical variables. Genome-wide analysis revealed that the STOX1 mutation frequency was the highest, and genome methylation influenced HEYL, FAM69A, and STOX1 gene expression significantly; further, the expression of HEYL and FBXL5 was correlated positively with Copy number variation (CNV) and was regulated significantly by CNV in most cancers. FBXL5 was correlated significantly with austocystin d and bafilomycin and played an important role in anti-tumor and immunotherapy. The HEYL, FYN, FAM69A, and RTN2 genes’ expression was associated with the EMT pathway’s activation, while LGALS4 and STOX1 were associated significantly with the EMT pathway’s inhibition.
This study constructed an 8-gene signature as a novel marker to predict colon cancer patients’ survival.
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Previous studies seldom consider humidity when examining heat‐related extremes, and none have explored the effects of humidity on concurrent extremes of high heat stress and low river streamflow. ...Here, we present the first global picture of projected changes in compound lethal heat stress (Th)‐drought hazards (CHD) across 11,637 catchments. Our observational datasets show that atmospheric conditions (e.g., energy and vapor flux) play an important role in constraining the heat extremes, and that Th (32% ± 11%) yields a higher coincidence rate of global CHD than wet‐bulb temperature (28% ± 11%), driven by lower relative humidity (RH) and thus air dryness in Th extremes. Our large model ensemble projects a 10‐fold intensification of bivariate CHD risks by 2071–2100, mainly driven by increases in heat extremes. Future declines in RH, wind, snow, and precipitation in many regions are likely to exacerbate such water and weather‐related hazards (e.g., drought and CHD).
Plain Language Summary
Water and weather‐related extremes such as droughts and heatwaves typically occur simultaneously, posing larger risks to humans and ecosystem than any individual hazard. Extreme high lethal heat stress, which is governed by both temperature and humidity, inhibits the evaporative cooling function of the human body. However, changes in lethal heat stress under past and future climate are poorly understood at the global scale, and no study has yet explored their influences on the risk of compound heat stress‐drought events. Here, we provide the first global picture of the concurrent high heat stress–low streamflow extremes and their projected changes. The fraction of lethal heat extremes accompanied by drought hazards is projected to rise markedly throughout the 21st century. The global magnitude and occurrence of compound hazards is projected to intensify by 4–10 times by 2071–2100, mainly due to the increasing severity of heat extremes. Our study reveals an increasing global risk of compounding hazards, highlighting the need to better prepare adaptation and mitigation solutions in the Anthropocene.
Key Points
We present the first global assessment of compound extremes of high lethal heat stress and low river streamflow
Lethal heat stress yields a higher coincidence rate of compound hazards than wet‐bulb temperature
Future lethal heat stress‐drought events are mainly exacerbated by changes in heat extremes
Summary
The formation of haze depends on the complex evolution behavior of SO2, NO2, and CO. We explore the influence of surrounding urban oxides on haze formation in Beijing. From the perspective of ...time evolution, multifractal detrended cross‐correlation analysis (MF‐DCCA) method quantitatively shows that all oxides reveal persistent cross‐correlations (hxy: 0.640 sim; 0.995) in the short term and long term. The correlation characteristics of the same oxide in different regions are compared. In the short term, Zhangjiakou (SO2/NO2) and Tianjin (CO) have the strongest multifractal features, while Zhangjiakou (SO2/NO2/CO) is more prominent in the long term. Their sources are mainly Fat‐tailed. Ignoring the characteristics of timing, the fitting degree (R2) of LightGBM model to PM2.5 concentration regression is 0.862 after the addition of neighboring oxides, an increase of 2.0%. CatBoost's R2 improves by 6.4%. The feature importance score indicates that Langfang's SO2 and Chengde's CO contribute the most to the formation of PM2.5. This study has certain reference value for the formulation of oxide emission strategy in the surrounding area of Beijing.
Cholangiocarcinoma, also known as bile duct cancer, is the second most common primary hepatic carcinoma with a median survival of less than 2 years. The molecular mechanisms underlying the ...development of this disease are not clear. To survey activated tyrosine kinases signaling in cholangiocarcinoma, we employed immunoaffinity profiling coupled to mass spectrometry and identified DDR1, EPHA2, EGFR, and ROS tyrosine kinases, along with over 1,000 tyrosine phosphorylation sites from about 750 different proteins in primary cholangiocarcinoma patients. Furthermore, we confirmed the presence of ROS kinase fusions in 8.7% (2 out of 23) of cholangiocarcinoma patients. Expression of the ROS fusions in 3T3 cells confers transforming ability both in vitro and in vivo, and is responsive to its kinase inhibitor. Our data demonstrate that ROS kinase is a promising candidate for a therapeutic target and for a diagnostic molecular marker in cholangiocarcinoma. The identification of ROS tyrosine kinase fusions in cholangiocarcinoma, along with the presence of other ROS kinase fusions in lung cancer and glioblastoma, suggests that a more broadly based screen for activated ROS kinase in cancer is warranted.
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