Until the mid-1990s, post-processing was the only method available to determine survey- grade positions using GPS. Anew method was then introduced called Real-Time Kinematic (RTK). Real Time ...Kinematic surveying is an advanced form of relative GPS carrier phase surveying in which the base station transmits its raw measurement data to rovers, which then compute a vector baseline from the base station to the rover. RTK GPS shows a really efficient and fast improvement within today’s technological developments. The most important reason for using it is that this technique enables obtaining coordinates instantaneously and in the centimeter level accuracy. This technique is widely used in construction and survey applications because of its above mentioned properties. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the repeatability of RTK measurement accuracy under different satellite configurations near/in forest and unobstructed environments. Testing was performed by using GPS+GLONASS receivers under these conditions, i.e. tall trees forest and unobstructed areas. The obtained results of RTK testing were compared with results of total station surveying as a further quality check. Nevertheless, it appears that RTK measurements under forest environment with 1 cm accuracy cannot be guaranteed on all occasions, since difficult situations may lead to greater errors. These results indicate that integrating RTK GPS/ GLONASS system with total station is favored for surveying under forest environment.
Preserving forests and their value to us is indispensable to human life. When making forest preservation plans and managing forests efficiently, it is necessary to use three dimensional (3D) models ...of the forest regions. Apart from the traditional and photogrammetric methods used for producing these maps, the LIght Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) measurement technique with its various advantages has been used in recent years. This paper explains the principle of the operation of the LIDAR measurement system and discusses the determination of digital elevation models (DEM) of forest areas and their usage in 3D models. This test study aims to convert the scattered distributed 3D datasets obtained from airborne LIDAR technology to a digital elevation model with a regular grid format. One of the most significant aspects of this process, the interpolation method, which affects the quality of the final product when generating the digital elevation model, is examined with respect to data density and distribution, grid size interval and terrain type.
Ülkemizde özellikle son yıllarda sanayileşmenin ve hızlı nüfus artışının getirisi olarak artan çevre kirlilikleri, geçen yıl yaşanan yangın ve bu yıl devam eden deprem ve sel felaketleri gibi doğal ...afetlerin hızlı artışı, Covid-19 gibi salgın hastalıkların sönümlenmeden devam etmesi durumu sebebiyle sürdürülebilir kentlere olan ihtiyaç giderek daha ciddi bir boyuta ulaştığı gözlemlenmektedir. Sürdürülebilir kentlerin tasarlanmasındaki kritik fenomenlerden birisi de kentsel aktif yeşil alanların mevcudiyeti ve mekânsal olarak tasarlanmasıdır. Arazi kullanımında yapılan halihazırdaki yanlış planlamalar, özellikle sürekli yapılaşma faaliyetleri, kentsel yeşil alanların mevcudiyeti ve yeterliliğini giderek azalttığı gözlemlenmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Niğde kent merkezi örneğinde aktif yeşil alan olarak tanımlanan Çocuk Oyun Alanları (ÇOA), Semt/Mahalle Park Alanları (SPA) ve Spor Alanları (SA) için mekânsal yeterlilik ve erişilebilirlik analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu analizler için 14.06.2014 tarih, 29030 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan Mekânsal Planlar Yapım Yönetmeliğindeki kriterler esas alınmıştır. Mekânsal yeterlilik analizi sonucunda Niğde kent merkezinde bulunan 26 adet mahalle içerisindeki 24 adet mahallenin aktif yeşil alanların yetersiz düzeyde olduğu sadece 2 adet mahallenin yönetmelikteki standartlara uygunluk gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Yasal yönetmelikte yer alan kişi başı 10m2/kişi standardının yakalanmaması hazırlanan imar planlarının aktif yeşil alanlar üzerindeki planlamaların yetersizliğini açığa çıkarmıştır. Çalışmada mekansal erişilebilirlik değerlendirmesi için Buffer ve Network analiz yöntemleri kullanılmış ve yöntemler birbiri ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Yöntem karşılaştırmasında ise Network analiz tekniğinin Buffer analiz tekniğine kıyasla çoklu girdi parametresi kullanılması sebebiyle daha kapsamlı ve gerçekçi sonuç ürün sunduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Small-scale forestry operations, which are used in non-industrial and site specific forestry, provide alternative logging methods suitable for precision forestry approach. In this study, a ...small-scale cable yarding system integrated with a portable winch was considered as alternative timber extraction method compared to a standard tower yarder. It was aimed to evaluate productivity of this yarding method, which was implemented during commercial harvesting activities performed in a 10.74 ha black pine stand located in Bursa province of Turkey. The main factors (i.e. slope, yarding distance, lateral pulling distance, log volume, log length), significantly affecting the productivity, were evaluated based on two slope classes (34–50% and 50–70%) and two yarding distances (100 m and 200 m). The results indicated that the average productivity was 0.95 m3/PMH and 0.90 m3/SMH. It was revealed that the productivity of the small-scale cable yarding decreased as the ground slope and the yarding distance increased. Statistical analysis indicated that there was a significant (p<0.001) relationship between productivity and log volume and length in four applications. On the other hand, it was found that there was a significant (p<0.05) relationship between productivity and lateral pulling distance in only the first application (34–50% slope; 100 m yarding distance). Considering the volume classes of the logs, it was determined that the productivity increased from the low volume class to the high volume class.
Spatial legibility is related to the obtainment of spatial information (2D and 3D) that is in the urban area according to the characteristics of the observer who perceives this space. The aim of this ...research is to examine the spatial legibility of the campus of Selçuk University which is located in Konya province according to the characteristics of the area and the observer. The spatial characteristics of the application area were determined with the analyzes that were conducted with the help of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and the characteristics of the observer were determined with analyzes that reveal the understanding of the observer to the area (Lynch analysis, questionnaire application and statistical evaluations). When the conducted spatial analyzes and statistical evaluations are examined, it was determined that the spatial legibility of the campus has a statistically significant relationship with the characteristics of the area and the observer.
Skretanja s glavnih cesta do naselja postižu se prilaznim putevima. Zbog sigurnosti ovih skretanja, zakretni polumjeri trebaju biti veliki. Međutim, nije uvijek moguće napraviti ova skretanja kružnim ...lukovima velikog polumjera, budući da različiti čimbenici, kao što su topografija, položaj naselja, problemi koje je nemoguće prevladati te ekonomski uvjeti, ne dopuštaju izradu takve trase. Umjesto toga je, zbog prometa, poželjna linearna varijacija zakrivljenosti linije ili održavanje konstantne vrijednosti zakrivljenosti linije. Takva je klotoidna krivina jajeta. U mnogim se aplikacijama primjenjuje jednostruki ili dvostruki tip takvih klotoidnih zavoja. U ovom se radu proračun i projektiranje dvostruko kružnih zavoja detaljno objašnjavaju jednadžbama i slikama. Primjer projekta dvostruko kružnog zavoja primijenjen u skretanjima s glavne ceste u prometnim mrežama daje se zbog boljeg razumijevanja samog predmeta. U tabeli su prikazane glavne točke geometrije rotacije s koordinatama pomoćnih točaka. Nadamo se da će osnovna svrha ove analize, teorija i detaljni proračuni dvostruko kružnog zavoja i njihova primjena kojom se omogućuje sigurnija i udobnija vožnja, biti od koristi praktičarima.
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