Lentinula edodes, one of the most popular, edible mushroom species with a high content of proteins and polysaccharides as well as unique aroma, is widely cultivated in many Asian countries, ...especially in China, Japan and Korea. As a white rot fungus with lignocellulose degradation ability, L. edodes has the potential for application in the utilization of agriculture straw resources. Here, we report its 41.8-Mb genome, encoding 14,889 predicted genes. Through a phylogenetic analysis with model species of fungi, the evolutionary divergence time of L. edodes and Gymnopus luxurians was estimated to be 39 MYA. The carbohydrate-active enzyme genes in L. edodes were compared with those of the other 25 fungal species, and 101 lignocellulolytic enzymes were identified in L. edodes, similar to other white rot fungi. Transcriptome analysis showed that the expression of genes encoding two cellulases and 16 transcription factor was up-regulated when mycelia were cultivated for 120 minutes in cellulose medium versus glucose medium. Our results will foster a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of lignocellulose degradation and provide the basis for partial replacement of wood sawdust with agricultural wastes in L. edodes cultivation.
Bioinformatics and RT-PCR analysis of RNA from four Lentinula edodes samples identified 22 different virus-like contigs comprising 15 novel and 3 previously reported viruses. We further investigated ...the Lentinula edodes negative-stranded RNA virus 1 (LeNSRV1) isolated from a symptomatic sample, whose virion is a filamentous particle with a diameter of ~15 nm and a length of ~1200 nm. RT-PCR analysis detected LeNSRV1 in 10 of the 56 Chinese L. edodes core collection strains and 6 of the 22 monokaryotic strains from the L. edodes strain HNZMD. Genetic variation analysis showed that the sequences encoding the nucleocapsid protein (ORF2) from all the aforementioned LeNSRV1 positive strains are very conservative. The results presented here may enrich our understanding of L. edodes virus diversity and the characteristics of LeNSRV1, and will promote further research on virus-host interaction in L. edodes.
•( (1) Identification of 22 different virus-like contigs comprising 15 novel viruses in L. edodes.•Firstly exhibit the viral particles of a negative-strand RNA mymonavirus LeNSRV1.•Firstly exhibit of the occurrence and genetic variation of LeNSRV1 in Chinese Lentinula edodes core collection and sexual basidiospores.
A blight disease of
was identified with symptoms of growth cessation of young fruiting bodies, short stipe, and brown spots on the pileus. The pathogenic bacteria were identified as
and
by Koch's ...postulate, gram staining, morphological and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence analyses. Either of the pathogenic bacteria or both of them can cause the same symptoms. Transcriptome changes in blighted
were investigated between diseased and normal samples. Compared to the control group, 1,099 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were overlapping in the bacteria-infected groups. The DEGs were significantly enriched in pathways such as xenobiotic metabolism by cytochrome P450 and tyrosine metabolism. Based on weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA), the module most correlated to the pathogen-treated
samples and candidate hub genes in the co-regulatory network were identified. Furthermore, a potential diseased mechanism involved in cell wall non-extension, phenolic substrate oxidation, and stress defense response was proposed based on the up-regulation of differentially expressed genes encoding chitin deacetylase, tyrosinase, cytochrome P450, MFS transporter, and clavaminate synthase-like protein. This study provides insights into the underlying reactions of young fruiting body of
suffering from blight disease and facilitates the understanding of the pathogenic procedure of bacteriosis in edible mushrooms.
The fat body plays key roles in energy storage and utilization as well as biosynthetic and metabolic activities in insects. During metamorphosis from larva to pupa, the fat body undergoes dramatic ...changes in morphology and metabolic processes. However, the genetic basis underlying these changes has not been completely understood. In this study, the authors performed a time-course transcriptome analysis of the fat body during silkworm metamorphosis using RNA-sequencing. A total of 5217 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the fat body at different developmental time points. DEGs involved in lipid synthesis and degradation were highly expressed at the third day of the last larval instar and during the prepupal-pupal transition, respectively. DEGs involved in the ecdysone signaling and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathways that modulate organ development exhibited a high expression level during the fat body remodeling process from prepupa to pupa. Intriguingly, the RNA interference-mediated knockdown of either
(
) or
(
), two DEGs involved in the BMP signaling pathway, inhibited fat body dissociation but promoted lipid mobilization, suggesting that the BMP signaling pathway not only is required for fat body remodeling, but also moderately inhibits lipid mobilization to ensure an appropriate lipid supply during the pupal-adult transition. In conclusion, the comparative transcriptome analysis provides novel insight into morphologic and metabolic changes in the fat body during silkworm metamorphosis.
The basidiomycetous edible mushroom
Stropharia rugosoannulata
has excellent nutrition, medicine, bioremediation, and biocontrol properties.
S. rugosoannulata
has been widely and easily cultivated ...using agricultural by-products showing strong lignocellulose degradation capacity. However, the unavailable high-quality genome information has hindered the research on gene function and molecular breeding of
S. rugosoannulata.
This study provided a high-quality genome assembly and annotation from
S. rugosoannulata
monokaryotic strain QGU27 based on combined Illumina-Nanopore data. The genome size was about 47.97 Mb and consisted of 20 scaffolds, with an N50 of 3.73 Mb and a GC content of 47.9%. The repetitive sequences accounted for 17.41% of the genome, mostly long terminal repeats (LTRs). A total of 15,726 coding gene sequences were putatively identified with the BUSCO score of 98.7%. There are 142 genes encoding plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) in the genome, and 52, 39, 30, 11, 8, and 2 genes related to lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, chitin, and cutin degradation, respectively. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that
S. rugosoannulata
is superior in utilizing aldehyde-containing lignins and is possible to utilize algae during the cultivation.
•The ribavirin treatment could eliminate LeV-HKB, but not LePV1.•Mycelial fragmentation could eliminate both LeV-HKB and LePV1.
Previous research has established that Lentinula edodes mycovirus HKB ...(LeV-HKB) and L. edodes partitivirus 1(LePV1) are major mycoviruses identified in L.edodes germplasm. In this paper, two different methods for curing these two dsRNA mycoviruses, ribavirin treatment and mycelial fragmentation, were evaluated for the first time. Mycelial fragmentation was found to resulted in LeV-HKB- and LePV1-cured fungal strains, whereas ribavirin treatment could eliminate LeV-HKB only. Although no LePV1-cured strain was obtained via ribavirin treatment by the end of the experiment, the relative LePV1 concentration in the eighth successive subcultures was lower than that of the untreated control. The culture features of several virus-cured strains had faster mycelial growth rate and higher colony density than the infected ones. It was also suggested that LeV-HKB infection may affect the pigmentation in plate- and bag-cultivated mycelia of L. edodes strain L135.
Incidence and banding patterns of virus-like dsRNA elements in 215 Chinese genetically diverse Lentinula edodes strains collected from wide geographic distribution (or producing areas) were first ...investigated, and 17 viruses were identified including eight novel viruses. The results revealed a 63.3% incidence of dsRNA elements in the cultivated strains and a 67.2% incidence in the wild strains. A total of 10 distinguishable dsRNAs ranging from 0.6 to 12 kbp and 12 different dsRNA patterns were detected in the positive strains. The molecular information of these dsRNA elements was characterized, and the molecular information of the other 12 different viral sequences with (+) ssRNA genome was revealed in four L. edodes strains with complex dsRNA banding patterns. RT-PCR was also done to verify the five dsRNA viruses and 12 (+) ssRNA ones. The results presented may enrich our understanding of L. edodes virus diversity, and will promote further research on virus-host interactions.
Viral infections involve complicated interactions including benign, harmful or possibly beneficial to hosts. Sometimes environment could lead to a transition in lifestyles from persistent to acute, resulting in a disease phenotype. The quality of spawn, such as the vulnerability to infection of viruses, is therefore important for mushroom production. Lentinula edodes, a wood rot basidiomycete fungus, was widely cultivated in the world for its edible and medicinal properties. In this study, the profile of dsRNA elements from Chinese genetically diverse L. edodes strains collected from wide geographic distribution or producing areas was first investigated. The molecular information of the dsRNA elements was characterized. Additionally, 12 different viral sequences with (+) ssRNA genome from four L. edodes strains with complex dsRNA banding patterns were identified. The results presented here will broaden our knowledge about mushroom viruses, and promote further studies of L. edodes production and the interaction between viruses and L. edodes.
•The incidence and banding patterns of dsRNAs in L. edodes germplasm were firstly investigated.•A total of 17 viruses including eight novel ones in L. edodes were identified.•The relationship between dsRNA profiles and the geographical distribution was evaluated.
•We firstly reported mycelial sluggish growth disease of Flammulina filiformis.•Pseudomonas migulae is the pathogenic bacterium of this disease.•Molecular mechanism of F. filiformis in response to P. ...migulae was elucidated.•Hydrogen peroxide silver disinfectant can effectively inhibit P. migulae.
Flammulina filiformis, an industrially cultivated edible mushroom worldwide, suffers serious losses in yield and quality owing to bacterial diseases. Here, we reported the mycelial sluggish growth disease (MSGD), a new bacteriosis on F. filiformis. Pseudomonas migulae was identified as the pathogen by 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analysis and morphologic observation. Hydrogen peroxide silver disinfectant (HPSD) was shown to effectively inhibit P. migulae and alleviate the disease symptoms at 10.00 g/L concentration. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism of F. filiformis in response to P. migulae infection was elucidated by transcriptome analysis. In the early infection stage, the infection signals are transducted into the mycelia, thus activating a series of stress defense responses, including peroxidase activity, antibiotic synthesis, and drug catabolism. In the middle and late infection stages, the apoptosis signal is transducted through the mitochondrial pathway, causing damage to DNA in the cell nucleus, resulting in DNA repair, gene silencing, and negative regulation of macromolecule synthesis. Finally, proteins and polysaccharides are strongly hydrolyzed to accelerate cell senescence, death, and mycelial growth retardation. These findings provide references for understanding the interaction mechanism between edible mushroom and pathogenic bacterium and for controlling mushroom bacterial diseases.
Natural bioactive molecules have been widely used as stabilizers in the functional improvement of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) in recent years. In this study, Morchella sextelata polysaccharide ...(MSP) was introduced as a novel stabilizer for the synthesis of SeNPs based on the redox system of sodium selenite and ascorbic acid. The size, morphology, stability, and anti-cancer cell activities were respectively analyzed by various methods. The results showed that the synthesized SeNPs with MSP were 72.07 ± 0.53 nm in size, red in color, spherical in shape, and amorphous in nature. MSP-SeNPs showed high scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS radicals. And, these MSP-SeNPs exhibited a significant anti-proliferation effect on human liver (HepG2) and cervical cancer (Hela) cells in vitro, while no significant cytotoxicity against normal human kidney cells (HK−2) was observed. Moreover, the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway triggered by MSP-SeNPs in HepG2 cell was identified. The expression levels of p53, Bax, cytochrome c, caspase-3 and caspase-9 were all up-regulated in HepG2 cells after MSP-SeNPs treatment, while Bcl-2 expression was down-regulated. These results suggest that MSP-SeNPs have strong potential as the food supplement for application in cancer chemoprevention.
•Morchella sextelata polysaccharide (MSP) was used as a novel stabilizer for the synthesis of SeNPs.•MSP-SeNPs exhibited a significant anti-proliferation effect on HepG2 and Hela cells in vitro.•MSP-SeNPs induced the mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis of HepG2 cells through cytochrome c signaling pathway.
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