Abstract
Hot extremes pose adverse impacts on human health and ecosystem, leading to aggravated damage when they combine high-humidity and occur in the both daytime and nighttime. Although ...considerable studies have focused on hot extremes, understandings about day–night Compound humid heat (quantified by Moist Enthalpy) Extremes (CMEEs) are still lacking. This work investigates their frequency, linear trends and temporal persistence in the Northern Hemisphere, and two typical vulnerable regions are selected as Central Europe (CE) and the Arabian Peninsula (AP), both exhibiting high frequency and positive trends, but with contrasting persistence, which is quantified by the bivariate Dynamical System method. Results reveal their regional dependence and physical processes: the dual importance of sensible and latent heat in CE is attributed to the combination of an anomalous anticyclone and evaporation, whereas the dominance of latent heat in AP is largely owing to the convective precipitation. CMEEs in AP can be further divided into two groups with distinct persistence, and this disparity actually depends on the preceding precipitation duration and its associated water vapor supply.
Rechargeable aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) are promising candidates for advanced electrical energy storage systems owing to low cost, intrinsic safety, environmental benignity, and decent energy ...densities. Currently, significant research efforts are being made to develop high‐performance positive electrodes for ZIBs. Nevertheless, there are still many obstacles to be overcome in pursuit of the comprehensive performance of cathode materials, including specific capacity, structural stability, rate performance, and so forth. Many manganese‐based compounds have become the hotspots in the study of ZIB cathodes due to their advantages of natural abundance, less toxicity, and high operating voltage. Here, different energy storage mechanisms of various kinds of manganese‐based compounds are summarized. Electrochemical results of manganese‐based cathodes are compared and analyzed. Moreover, optimization strategies for addressing existing issues of these materials and improving ZIBs are discussed in detail.
Crystal structures, reaction mechanisms, and optimizing strategies of manganese‐based materials for zinc‐ion batteries.
Given the ban on antibiotic growth promoters, the effects of nonantibiotic alternative growth promoter combinations (NAGPCs) on the growth performance, nutrient utilization, digestive enzyme ...activity, intestinal morphology, and cecal microflora of broilers were evaluated. All birds were fed pellets of two basal diets-starter (0-21 d) and grower (22-42 d)-with either enramycin (ENR) or NAGPC supplemented. 1) control + ENR; 2) control diet (CON, basal diet); 3) control + mannose oligosaccharide (MOS) + mannanase (MAN) + sodium butyrate (SB) (MMS); 4) control + MOS + MAN + Bacillus subtilis (BS) (MMB); 5) control + MOS + fruit oligosaccharide (FOS) + SB (MFS); 6) control + FOS + BS (MFB); 7) control + MOS + FOS + MAN (MFM); 8) control + MOS + BS + phytase (PT) (MBP). ENR, MOS, FOS, SB, MAN, PT, and BS were added at 100, 2,000, 9,000, 1,500, 300, 37, and 500 mg/kg, respectively. The experiment used a completely random block design with six replicates per group: 2400 Ross 308 broilers in the starter phase and 768 in the grower phase. All NAGPCs significantly improved body weight gain (P < 0.01), utilization of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein (P < 0.05), villus height and villus height/crypt depth in the jejunum and ileum (P < 0.01), and decreased the feed conversion ratio (P < 0.01) at d 21 and 42. MMS, MMB, MFB, and MFM duodenum trypsin, lipase, and amylase activities increased significantly (P < 0.05) at d 21 and 42. On d 21 and 42, MMS, MMB, and MBP increased the abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroides whereas MMB, MFB, and MBP decreased the abundance of Proteobacteria, compared to ENR and CON. Overall, the NAGPCs were found to have some beneficial effects and may be used as effective antibiotic replacements in broilers.
Abstract
Heat extremes including heatwaves have an adverse impact not only on ecosystems but also on human health. The impact can be seriously exacerbated when both spatial extension and compound ...factors (such as humidity) are included. However, a unified frame combining compound humidity-heat extremes with their regional extension has received little scientific attention. This study solves this problem by taking the evolution of daily mean 2 m air temperature (Tmean) and relative humidity (RH) over a large domain as two dynamical systems (DSs), then the instantaneous coupling index from the DS method combined with clustering analysis can sort out the regional compound humidity-heat extremes with distinct spatial organized structures. Among them, the compound humidity-heat extremes with dipole Tmean and RH patterns may be missed by the methods based on regional averaging or undiscerned by DS method. Moreover, the mechanisms behind these regional compound humidity-heat extremes with dipole pattern are distinctive on both dynamics and thermodynamics, with a dipole structure found in the atmospheric low-level circulation. These novel findings can contribute considerably to the in-depth understanding on the compound humidity-heat extremes and their mechanisms.
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•The review article shows aspects of EZH2 regulation in immune cells in relation toninflammatory/malignant settings.•The review article shows EZH2 regulation on BMSC differentiation ...into osteogenic and adipogenic cell lineages.•The review article summarize the newly attributed role in modulating non-histone targets.•The review article provide overview of small molecule inhibitors used to target EZH2 (and/or EZH1).
In recent years, methylation modification has been determined to be vital for the biological regulation of normal cells, tumor cells, and tumor microenvironment immune cells. Enhancer of zeste homology 2 (EZH2), a component of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), catalyzes the trimethylation of the downstream gene in the tri-methylates histone three lysine 27 (H3K27me3) position, which causes chromatin pyknosis, and thus, silences the expression of related genes. In this paper, we reviewed the role of EZH2 in regulating bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and the immune cell function in tumor microenvironment, summarized all types of existing EZH2 inhibitors and the main clinical trials, and proposed relevant ideas for potential clinical applications.
The increasing number of sequential treatments complicates the evaluation of overall survival (OS) in clinical trials for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), therefore, reliable surrogate endpoints (SEs) ...are required. This study aimed to evaluate the surrogacy of progression-free survival (PFS) and one-year (1-yr) milestone survival for OS in HCC trials.
We systematically searched databases for randomized clinical trials that evaluated systemic treatments for advanced HCC. Individual patient data were reconstructed to calculate the 1-yr survival rate. We adopted a two-stage meta-analytic validation model to evaluate the correlation between SEs and OS, and the correlation between treatment effects on SEs and OS. The hazard ratio (HR) was calculated to assess the treatment effects on PFS and OS, and the 1-yr survival ratio was calculated to evaluate the treatment effects on the 1-yr milestone survival.
Thirty-two HCC trials involving 13,808 patients were included. A weak correlation was detected between the median PFS and median OS (R2 = 0.32), whereas the correlation improved between PFS HR and OS HR (R2 = 0.58). We identified strong correlations between the 1-yr survival rate and median OS and between the 1-yr survival ratio and OS HR (R2 = 0.74 and 0.65, respectively). In subgroup analyses, PFS HR strongly correlated with OS HR in trials relevant to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Although the correlation remained weak between PFS and OS even in trials with PFS HR ≤ 0.6, the 1-yr survival rate and 1-yr survival ratio were strong surrogates for median OS and OS HR, respectively (R2 = 0.77 and 0.75).
One-year milestone survival outperformed PFS as a SE for OS in HCC, indicating the application of 1-yr survival as a secondary endpoint. In particular, PFS HR was a potential SE for OS HR in the ICI trials.
•A new calibration method for non-contact R-test that extends the measurement range with higher accuracy is developed.•The misaligned errors during the process of finding the “top” point of spherical ...surface are identified and compensated.•The viability and effectiveness of the proposed calibration scheme are proved by the experiments.•The experimental results show that the designed device can be applied to estimate the robot accuracy.
This study presents a new calibration scheme for non-contact R-test that extends the measurement range with higher accuracy. First, the structure of the device is redesigned and a new calculation method for obtaining the 3D position of the sphere center is proposed. Then, the error parameters of the sensors’ position are optimized and calibrated by the proposed method. The misaligned errors during the process of finding the “top” point of spherical surface are identified and compensated. Compensation experiments indicate that the proposed calibration method reduces the positioning errors at calibration and validation points by at least 80%. The performance of the proposed method is compared to the typical calibration method using the same data. The developed device is applied to measure three types of errors of an industrial robot. Its measurement results are close to the error measured by the laser tracker and the accuracy given by the robot manufacturer.
A calibration method is proposed for six-DoF serial robot based on multiple identification spaces consisting of two subspaces in which the orientations of joint 3 and poses of end-effector are ...measured simultaneously using hybrid sensors. The rotational geometric errors with higher sensitivities are identified in the first space while the rest are identified in the second. Compared with single identification space used in traditional methods, the number of geometric errors to be identified is reduced in each subspace. Thus the identification vectors corresponding to the geometric errors belonging to identification models can be better spaced. Simulation results show that the observability indices and identifiability are further improved by using the multiple identification spaces. Experimental results are also obtained from a six-DoF serial robot with laser tracker and IMUs to verify the identification accuracy improvement. Uncertainty analysis of each identification results is also provided.
This paper investigates a model-free tuning method of a fractional-order proportional–integral (FOPI) controller and its application for the speed regulation of a permanent magnet synchronous motor ...(PMSM). Firstly, the presented practical FOPI tuning method formulates the FOPI controller parameter identification problem via virtual reference feedback tuning (VRFT). Under the lack of accurate models, the proposed model-free method depends only on the measured input–output data of the closed-loop PMSM servo system. Secondly, Bode’s ideal transfer function is incorporated into the VRFT with consideration of the systematic fractional dynamics. Thus, the properties of the resulting system may be approximated to the desired fractional-order reference model. Thirdly, the proposed method fully considers optimal performance constraints on the stability requirements, sensitivity criteria, frequency-domain and time-domain characteristics. Then, the comprehensive optimization problem is derived and solved. Using suitably tuned parameters, the robustness and disturbance rejection ability of the VRFT-based FOPI control system are enhanced to achieve optimal performance. The convergence of the proposed method is proved by theoretical analysis. Finally, experimental results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed model-free FOPI control method for the PMSM servo system.
Vertebrate embryos achieve developmental competency during zygotic genome activation (ZGA) by establishing chromatin states that silence yet poise developmental genes for subsequent lineage-specific ...activation. Here, we reveal the order of chromatin states in establishing developmental gene poising in preZGA zebrafish embryos. Poising is established at promoters and enhancers that initially contain open/permissive chromatin with 'Placeholder' nucleosomes (bearing H2A.Z, H3K4me1, and H3K27ac), and DNA hypomethylation. Silencing is initiated by the recruitment of polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1), and H2Aub1 deposition by catalytic Rnf2 during preZGA and ZGA stages. During postZGA, H2Aub1 enables Aebp2-containing PRC2 recruitment and H3K27me3 deposition. Notably, preventing H2Aub1 (via Rnf2 inhibition) eliminates recruitment of Aebp2-PRC2 and H3K27me3, and elicits transcriptional upregulation of certain developmental genes during ZGA. However, upregulation is independent of H3K27me3 - establishing H2Aub1 as the critical silencing modification at ZGA. Taken together, we reveal the logic and mechanism for establishing poised/silent developmental genes in early vertebrate embryos.
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