The purpose of underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWASNs) is to find varied applications for ocean monitoring and exploration of offshore. In majority of these applications, the network comprises ...of several sensor nodes deployed at different depths in water. The sensor nodes which are situated in depth, at the sea bed, are unable to communicate unswervingly with those nodes which are close to the surface level; these nodes necessitate multi-hop communication which is facilitated by suitable routing plan. The working of UWASNs is affected by some constraints like high transmission delay, energy consumption, deployment, long propagation delay and high attenuation. Apart from this, the existence of void region in the route can also affect the overall performance of UWASNs. So, the void region can be avoided by considering the best forwarder node. The selection of the best forwarder node depends on depth variance, depth difference, residual energy, and link quality. Apart from this, an angle is also considered to select the best forwarder node. This paper presents an energy efficient and void region avoidance routing. The concept of grey wolf optimization algorithm is used here to select the best forwarder node. The proposed work increases the network lifetime by avoiding the void region and also balancing the network energy. The proposed work is simulated in the MATLAB platform and compared with weighting depth and forwarding area division depth-based routing and energy and depth variance-based opportunistic void avoidance schemes. This work achieves the packet delivery ratio 96% with varying transmission range up to 1000 m at 180 node size. Along with this, it decreases the end-to-end delay and average number of dead nodes up to 53% and 145, respectively. This work also improves the overall network lifetime and reduces the transmission delay. This work also propagates 55% less copies of data packets. Similar to this, some other performance metrics are also explained in the results section.
In Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network (UWASN), node redeployment strategy is utilized to handle the reliable network coverage. The sensors deployed in the underwater are used to intellect the area ...and collected information is moved to the sink node. Node redeployment strategy is essential for the nodes which are placed outside the monitoring area in UWASN. In this paper, the node redeployment strategy is performed based on the hybrid Emperor Penguin Optimization (EPO) algorithm with Particle Search Algorithm (PSO) for better underwater acoustic communication and the proposed method is named as HEPSO. This hybridization is performed to reduce node failure rate and network energy consumption rate by optimally place the sensor nodes in underwater acoustic communication. The stability of the network topology is guaranteed by this algorithm and it enhances the node redeployment strategy by calculating the fitness function for each and every node. The implementation of the proposed algorithm is carried out by the MATLAB platform. The performance parameters like network coverage rate, network connectivity rate, network lifetime, number of nodes outside monitored space and total movement distance of nodes are evaluated and related with current methods like NRBSCT (Node Redeployment Based on Stratified Connected Tree) and MRNR (Moving Redundancy Nodes Redeployment) strategy.
Venous leg ulcers (VLUs) are the most common and challenging leg ulcers to manage. They are caused by venous congestion due to failure of calf pump or non-functional venous valves. These ulcers are ...characterized by delayed healing and high recurrence rate. They are associated with pain, physical dysfunction, depression, and social isolation. They adversely affect the quality of life by not healing for years and recurring again and again. It is such an important health issue that huge amount of literature has been published until now. There are various consensus documents, algorithms, and guidelines on assessment and management of VLUs. We want to review the published literature in this field and to summarize the latest knowledge in a single document. This in turn will be useful to the treating physicians to update their current knowledge. Among recent advances on venous leg ulcers, one is modified CEAP classification which was published in 2020. The aim of our review is to provide an updated single educational tool for the clinicians dealing with venous leg ulcers. Treatment of venous leg ulcers requires complete and update knowledge about the disease. It involves understanding the role of existing venous disease in venous leg ulcers. As a clinician dealing with this issue, he must individualize management plan. Compression is the mainstay of the treatment along with other adjuncts. Early venous intervention is very important in healing and prevention of recurrence of the ulcers.
Underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) have become among the most interesting research areas, since they open the door wide to researchers to conduct research in this field. There are so many issues in ...underwater sensor networks. The most serious issue is the void region that degrades the performance of networks. It is an issue, where a node doesn’t have any forwarder node to forward the packets to another node. Here, the objective of this work is to avoid the void region. For the same purpose, this work proposes an algorithm named “An Energy-Efficient Quality of Service (QoS) Based Void Avoidance Routing Technique”. The proposed work uses two-hop node information to avoid the problem of void region. This approach uses depth information, distance to next, holding time and residual energy as Quality of Service (QoS) parameters in order to find the best forwarder node to forward the data packets to their destination. The proposed algorithm has been implemented in MATLAB. Results show a better performance in terms of packet delivery ratio, energy tax and number of dead nodes as compared to Energy-Efficient Void Avoidance Routing Scheme for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (E2RV).
The paper seeks to examine the association that exists among a number of energy-related variables such as energy use, renewable energy use, carbon pollutants and the economic growth of European Union ...countries. The examination of variables focus on twenty-one years of data from 2000 to 2020 using a multidimensional data framework. The findings come from empirical analysis carried out using panel VECM model and associated tests such as, panel unit root test, cointegration and the causality one. The different variables indicated above have positive effects on the growth of economies in various EU member states. Results obtained from the use of the heterogeneous causality test indicated that there is an indirect causality between energy use and the rate at which economies develop. Based on the findings obtained from the study, there is a need for EU member states to establish policies that should help to enhance efficiency in energy use to promote economic development.
Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS Cov-2 is an Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) virus which spreads through respiratory route. It was first detected in Wuhan, China in December 2019. World ...Health Organisation (WHO) declared it as worldwide pandemic in March 2020. Clinically, it can present from mild flu like disease to severe respiratory illness. Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is the method for confirmation. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is a lymphoproliferative disorder that presents as absolute lymphocytosis with proliferation of monoclonal mature B lymphocytes, unlike other causes of reactive lymphocytosis. Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia often have defects in humoral and cellular immune system. Therefore, these patients have strong predisposition to recurrent infections and in this case for COVID-19. The relationship between chronic lymphocytic leukaemic and COVID-19 is not very clearly understood. A 77-year-old male with no significant co-morbidities presented with cough, fever and shortness of breath. His High-Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) chest revealed non-specific interstitial pneumonia and was tested positive for COVID-19 infection on RT-PCR. A Complete Blood Count (CBC) showed a high Total Leukocyte Count (TLC) with absolute lymphocytosis. There was absence of lymphadenopathy or splenomegaly. Flow cytometry confirmed the diagnosis of Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. He was offered convalescent plasma therapy and later had to be incubated because of multiorgan failure. His Absolute Lymphocyte Counts (ALC) more than doubled in a week’s time. COVID-19 infection usually presents with lymphopenia, lymphocytosis should always raise a suspicion of underlying haematological malignancy or secondary infection.
Hydrogels, an advanced interactive system, is finding use as wound dressings, however, they exhibit restricted mechanical properties, macroscopic nature, and may not manage high exudate wounds or ...incorporate lipophilic actives. In this study, we developed a self-gelling solid lipid nanoparticle (SLNs) dressing to incorporate simvastatin (SIM), a lipophilic, potential wound-healing agent, clinically limited due to poor solubility (0.03 mg/mL) and absorption. The study explores unconventional and novel application of SIM. The idea was to incorporate a significant amount of SIM in a soluble form and release it slowly over a prolonged time. Further, a suitable polymeric surfactant was selected that assigned a self-gelling property to SLNs (SLN-hydrogel) so as to be used as a novel wound dressing. SLNs assign porosity, elasticity, and occlusivity to the dressing to keep the wound area moist. It will also provide better tolerance and sensory properties to the hydrogel. SIM loaded SLN-hydrogel was prepared employing an industry amenable high-pressure homogenization technique. The unique hydrogel dressing was characterized for particle size, zeta potential, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, rheology, and texture. Significant loading of SIM (10%
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) was achieved in spherical nanoparticule hydrogel (0.3 nm (nanoparticles) to 2 µm (gelled-matrix)) that exhibited good spreadability and mechanical properties and slow release up to 72 h. SLN-hydrogel was safe as per the organization for economic co-operation and development (OECD-404) guidelines, with no signs of irritation. Complete healing of excision wound observed in rats within 11 days was 10 times better than marketed povidone-iodine product. The presented work is novel both in terms of classifying a per se SLN-hydrogel and employing SIM. Further, it was established to be a safe, effective, and industry amenable invention.
Partitioning a picture is an imperative idea in picture preparation. Partitioned pictures are fundamental for various picture preparing techniques. In this paper, we are endeavouring to obtained the ...components to procure the sections of a boisterous picture with density bunching built approach. At first we input a boisterous RGB picture and perform RGB to Grayscale transformation on it. We perform median percolation on it to evacuate salt and pepper commotion. To find the spatial availability of the pixels, density built bunching is utilized which is a compelling grouping strategy utilized in information digging for finding spatial databases. Test outcomes employing projected procedure by presenting empowering execution. We estimate the values of similarity matrices for segmented images to assess the similarity between original and segmented images which is essential to sustained the loading of segmented images in cloud space.
During the last few decades, interest in organically produced food has steadily risen around the world. Consequently, academic interest in better understanding the different motives and barriers ...underlying organic food consumption has also increased. But, the scope of these published studies is both broad and fragmented. There is a lack of research that systematically examines and presents a comprehensive review of the different motives and barriers and their association with purchase decisions. The current study shows a systematic literature review of different motives and barriers and their association with purchase decisions in context to organic food. A total of 89 empirical studies was considered in the review. Two popular theoretical frameworks, namely the theory of consumption values and innovation resistance theory, were used to categorize the identified motives and barriers. The primary outcomes of this systematic literature review are: a) descriptive statistics on the selected studies; b) comprehensive summary of motives and barriers mentioned in selected studies using theory of consumption values and innovation resistance theory; c) classification of motives and barriers on consumer involvement, research design and country status; d) framework on the association between motives, barriers and purchase decisions; e) implications for scholars, managers, and policymakers interested in better understanding issues related to organic food consumption.
A 61-year-old man presented with complaints of abdominal pain, loss of weight, and splenomegaly since past 6 months. On computed tomography, the spleen was totally replaced by multiloculated cysts ...and splenectomy was performed. Pathological examination revealed a low-grade mucinous adenocarcinoma. Postoperative PET scan was negative, and in the absence of a primary tumor elsewhere, we considered this tumor to be primary in the spleen, and it was presumed that the tumor arose from invaginated capsular mesothelium of the spleen.
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