Background
Fish is one of the most allergenic foods. While clinical cross‐reactivity among different fishes is a widely accepted feature of fish allergy, associations with other food allergies are ...not well understood. This study aims at analyzing the relevance of clinical cross‐reactivity between fish and chicken meat in patients with allergy to chicken meat without sensitization to hen's eggs.
Methods
Patients with food allergy to fish and chicken meat (n = 29) or chicken meat only (n = 7) were recruited. IgE‐reactive chicken proteins were identified (Edman, MS analysis) and quantified (ELISA). Allergens were used in IgE ELISA and skin testing.
Results
Chicken parvalbumin and two new allergens, aldolase and enolase, were identified at 12, 40, and 50 kDa, respectively. They were recognized by sIgE of 61%, 75%, and 83% of all patient sera which were in the majority of the cases positive for the fish homologues as well. Fish and chicken meat allergens were highly cross‐reactive while high inhibition rates with fish or chicken allergens correlated with the patients' primary sensitization to fish or chicken. In cooked or roasted foods, enolase and aldolase were detectable in chicken breast while parvalbumin was detectable in chicken legs and wings.
Conclusions
Fish and chicken meat are cross‐reactive foods; both fish‐allergic and chicken meat‐allergic patients might be at risk of developing a food allergy to chicken meat or to fish, respectively. This clinical phenomenon is proposed to be termed ‘fish–chicken syndrome’ with cross‐reactive allergens involved being parvalbumins, enolases, and aldolases.
Background
The relation between secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure and the development of allergic sensitization in children is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether maternal ...smoking during pregnancy and postnatal SHS exposure contributes to the development of allergic sensitization in children and adolescents up to 16 years of age.
Methods
We included 3316 children from a birth cohort followed up for 16 years. SHS exposure and symptoms of allergic disease were assessed using repeated parental questionnaires. Serum immunoglobulin E against eight common inhalant and six food allergens was assessed at ages 4, 8, and 16 years with ImmunoCAP. The association between SHS exposure and sensitization was explored using logistic regression and generalized estimating equations.
Results
Exposure to SHS in infancy without prior exposure in utero was associated with an excess risk of food sensitization at age 4 years (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.08–2.00), with comparable ORs at ages 8 and 16 years. In longitudinal analyses, an overall association was indicated between SHS in infancy and food sensitization up to age 16 years (OR 1.24, 95% CI 0.98–1.56). Maternal smoking during pregnancy was unrelated to sensitization up to 16 years of age. When sensitization was combined with concurrent symptoms of allergic disease, SHS in infancy was associated with an overall elevated risk of eczema with sensitization (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.20–2.18).
Conclusions
SHS exposure in infancy appears to increase the risk of sensitization to food allergens up to age 16 years, as well as eczema in combination with sensitization.
Résumé Cette revue fait le point sur un certain nombre de données récentes concernant les craniopharyngiomes et particulièrement leur pathogénie et les stratégies thérapeutiques présentées lors du ...dernier congrès de 2014 de l’ Endocrine Society . Les craniopharyngiomes sont des tumeurs épithéliales rares, prenant naissance au niveau de la tige pituitaire ou de l’hypophyse. Deux sous-types histologiques peuvent être distingués : un type adamantinien, rencontré surtout chez l’enfant, et un second type, papillaire, survenant presque exclusivement chez les adultes. En plus des différences histologiques, à ces deux sous-types correspondent des anomalies moléculaires spécifiques, récemment identifiées et pouvant représenter de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques. Malgré la bénignité de ces lésions, ces tumeurs s’accompagnent d’une morbidité non négligeable, liée au développement de la tumeur elle-même et/ou à son traitement et d’une mortalité pouvant atteindre neuf fois celle de la population générale. Parmi les complications, l’obésité hypothalamique en est la plus fréquente et sa physiopathologie complexe complique sa prise en charge. Une exérèse tumorale extensive doit être tentée en cas de tumeur localisée, mais de plus en plus d’arguments plaident pour une chirurgie partielle, respectant l’hypothalamus, associée ou non à une radiothérapie, en cas d’envahissement de l’hypothalamus par le craniopharyngiome. Une prise en charge multidisciplinaire, incluant en particulier un neurochirurgien de référence dans cette pathologie, adaptée à la présentation du craniopharyngiome doit être initiée dès le diagnostic pour améliorer le pronostic de ces tumeurs.
EAACI Molecular Allergology User's Guide Matricardi, P. M.; Kleine-Tebbe, J.; Hoffmann, H. J. ...
Pediatric allergy and immunology,
20/May , Letnik:
27, Številka:
S23
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The availability of allergen molecules (‘components’) from several protein families has advanced our understanding of immunoglobulin E (IgE)‐mediated responses and enabled ‘component‐resolved ...diagnosis’ (CRD). The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) Molecular Allergology User's Guide (MAUG) provides comprehensive information on important allergens and describes the diagnostic options using CRD. Part A of the EAACI MAUG introduces allergen molecules, families, composition of extracts, databases, and diagnostic IgE, skin, and basophil tests. Singleplex and multiplex IgE assays with components improve both sensitivity for low‐abundance allergens and analytical specificity; IgE to individual allergens can yield information on clinical risks and distinguish cross‐reactivity from true primary sensitization. Part B discusses the clinical and molecular aspects of IgE‐mediated allergies to foods (including nuts, seeds, legumes, fruits, vegetables, cereal grains, milk, egg, meat, fish, and shellfish), inhalants (pollen, mold spores, mites, and animal dander), and Hymenoptera venom. Diagnostic algorithms and short case histories provide useful information for the clinical workup of allergic individuals targeted for CRD. Part C covers protein families containing ubiquitous, highly cross‐reactive panallergens from plant (lipid transfer proteins, polcalcins, PR‐10, profilins) and animal sources (lipocalins, parvalbumins, serum albumins, tropomyosins) and explains their diagnostic and clinical utility. Part D lists 100 important allergen molecules. In conclusion, IgE‐mediated reactions and allergic diseases, including allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma, food reactions, and insect sting reactions, are discussed from a novel molecular perspective. The EAACI MAUG documents the rapid progression of molecular allergology from basic research to its integration into clinical practice, a quantum leap in the management of allergic patients.
Background
Eczema, asthma, and rhinitis affect a large proportion of children, but their prevalence varies with age. IgE antibodies are also common in the pediatric population. However, the links ...between IgE, disease, and trajectories are unclear.
Objective
To better understand the links between sensitization and disease, we studied IgE sensitization ever in relation to eczema, asthma, and rhinitis, in children followed up to 16 years of age.
Methods
From the Swedish population‐based birth cohort BAMSE, 2607 children were included. Parental reports from six time points between 1 and 16 years were used to identify children with eczema, asthma, and rhinitis. Blood was collected at 4, 8, and 16 years, and sensitization ever was defined as allergen‐specific IgE ≥0.35 kUA/l to common food and/or inhalant allergens at any time point. Odds ratios for eczema, asthma, rhinitis, and multimorbidity in relation to sensitization ever were calculated using generalized estimating equations.
Results
Fifty‐one percent were sensitized at least once up to 16 years. Almost a quarter of ever‐sensitized children did not have any disease. After adjustment for potential confounders, sensitization ever was significantly associated with the following: (i) eczema throughout childhood, (ii) multimorbidity of eczema, asthma, and rhinitis from 1 to 16 years (OR for multimorbidity: 5.11, 95% CI: 3.99–6.55), (iii) asthma and rhinitis from 4 to 16 years of age.
Conclusions
Specific IgE is strongly associated with eczema and allergic multimorbidity throughout childhood and with asthma and rhinitis from age 4 years. However, 23% of the children with IgE sensitization do not develop any disease in childhood.
Background
We have previously found an inverse association of bacterial diversity with childhood asthma. It remains unclear whether certain bacteria account for the protective effect.
Methods
The ...high variability of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene allows assessing diversity and specificity of bacterial communities by single‐strand configuration polymorphism (SSCP). DNA was extracted from mattress dust samples of 489 school‐age children from rural and suburban regions in Germany. A fragment of the bacteria‐specific 16S rRNA gene was amplified by PCR, digested to single‐strand DNA, and subjected to electrophoresis. The resulting band patterns reflect the underlying DNA sequences. The individual bands were tested for associations with asthma, hay fever, and atopy in quantitative and qualitative multivariable analyses. Significantly associated bands were isolated and sequenced. The sequences were compared to a database, and distinct bacteria were identified.
Results
Seven of 76 independent bands were found to be inversely associated with asthma, atopic sensitization, and hay fever with odds ratios ranging from 0.17 to 0.73. The bands contained the sequences of Acinetobacter sp., Lactobacillus spp., Neisseria spp., Staphylococcus sciuri, Jeotgalicoccus sp., Corynebacterium spp., and others.
Conclusions
In a diverse microbial environment, certain bacteria may account for the protective effect on the development of asthma and atopy.
Background
The galactose‐α‐1,3‐galactose (α‐Gal) epitope is involved in red meat allergy. As α‐Gal is structurally similar to the blood group B‐antigen, we explored the relationship between the ...immune responses to α‐Gal‐ and the B‐antigen in red meat‐allergic patients compared to healthy A/O or B blood donors.
Methods
Sera from 51 red meat‐allergic patients IgE‐positive to α‐Gal and 102 healthy blood donors (51 blood group A/O; 51 blood group B) were included. α‐Gal‐ and B‐antigen‐specific IgE (ImmunoCAP) and IgG/IgG1‐4 (ELISA) responses were determined. Basophil activation tests were performed.
Results
Fifteen healthy donors were IgE positive to α‐Gal, of which 3 had blood group B. The allergic patients had significantly higher α‐Gal IgE levels compared to the healthy donors. The majority of the allergic patients, but none of the healthy donors, had IgE against the B‐antigen. Inhibition studies revealed cross‐reactivity between α‐Gal and the B‐antigen. The biological activity of the B‐antigen was confirmed by basophil activation tests. Anti‐α‐Gal IgG1 and IgG4 levels were significantly higher in the patients compared to the healthy donors. Moreover, the IgG response to the B‐antigen was comparable between the allergic patients and healthy A/O donors.
Conclusion
Red meat‐allergic patients showed significantly higher α‐Gal IgE, IgG1, and IgG4 levels, reflecting a Th2 response, compared to healthy blood donors. Blood group B donors had significantly reduced antibody responses to α‐Gal, due to similarities with the B‐antigen, resulting in a lower risk of sensitization to α‐Gal and development of red meat allergy.
Patients with IgE antibodies against the carbohydrate epitope galactose‐α‐1,3‐galactose (α‐Gal) have reported severe allergic reactions after consumption of red meat. Investigations have revealed ...associations between IgE to α‐Gal and tick bites. We provide the first direct evidence that α‐Gal is present within ticks thus potentially explaining the relationship between tick exposure and sensitization to α‐Gal, with development of red meat allergy as a secondary phenomena. Serum from Swedish patients with delayed severe reactions to red meat was included in the study. A dose‐dependent inhibition of IgE responses to α‐Gal by the tick Ixodes ricinus is demonstrated. Furthermore, using cryostat‐cut sections of I. ricinus, we show that both a monoclonal and a polyclonal antibody against α‐Gal stains the gastrointestinal tract of the tick. The same pattern is seen when staining with patient sera IgE positive to α‐Gal. These results confirm that the α‐Gal epitope is present in I. ricinus and imply host exposure to α‐Gal during a tick bite. This provides further evidence that tick bites are associated with IgE responses to α‐Gal and red meat allergy.
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